Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight and Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California

The fields of friendly sciences and the legal form control become inextricably linked in response to the development of system processes to aid in problem solving. Each of the fields informs the different, utilizing their respective extensive expertise and knowledge-based literature to handle the prevailing challenges in the society. In the desire to address the complex abominableity and societal problems that beset the nation, the legal system and the pr runitioners of social sciences atomic number 18 inevitably linked so that the knowledge base and expertise of one rump supervene in with the separate and vice versa.The development of therapeutic jurisprudence became an imperative, each field having an impact on the other towards the creation of systemic processes to solve societys problems. The civil liberties accorded at a lower place the Bill of Rights atomic number 18 justifications against the enormous powers of goernment. Their existence and observance ensure in dividuals from the undue governmental interference and intervention. One of these favors is the right against self-incrimination. In the flakes of U. S. v. vigor, (465 U. S. 605) and Doe v. U. S. 487 U. S.201, 209 (1988), the chat up enumerated the three (3) infallibles that should be chip in for the twenty percent Amendment to apply, namely a) that the statement be passport b) suggest and, c) compelled. However, in the case of Baltimore City De collapsement of affectionate service v Bouknight, the defendant was targeted incarcerated for refusing to split the whereabouts of her child who was believed to be abused. The judiciary ruled that the privilege is inapplicable considering that what was demanded of Bouknight was not passport in character.Moreover, anticipate that it was, the Court ruled that as amongst the individual right and unrestricted interest the latter should prevail. The preventative and rise be of a child is a matter of macrocosm interest and on that pointfore Bouknight can be compelled to release the necessary information. In the case of Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, the Court ruled that a healer/ medical bookman can breach his obligation of confidentiality with respect to matters disclosed by his longanimous in the course of interposition by upbraiding the readily identifiable per countersign of the peril or accidental injury to his life.This affair to monish is countenanced by law or by the code of ethics of physicians. This ruling also serves as an exclusion to American negligence cases where special kind of parties must be held to exist. Baltimore City Department of Social serve v Bouknight, 488 U. S. 1301 (1988) A three month old infant was admitted for treatment in a hospital. It became unvarnished that the let, Jackie Bouknight may excite maltreated the infant.Consequently, the Department of Social function (DSS) petitioned the Court to declare the child as a child in mince o f assistance and parcel out it the power to put the child under foster care (Baltimore City Department of Social go v Bouknight, 488 U. S. 1301 (1988). The Court granted suspension and it was agreed upon by the parties that Bouknight shall cast the custody of the child subject to the conditions of supervised parenting and an undertaking of non-infliction of bodily harm and punishment on the child. At first, Bouknight complied with the conditions but later on she became uncooperative and refused to produce her son to the DSS.The DSS in fear for the safety and well being of the child filed a case before the Court to compel Bouknight to produce her son. She failed to appear before the Court but was later on arrested. On her refusal to disclose the whereabouts of her son, she was institute guilty of discourtesy and was ordered to be incarcerated until compliance with the order In re Maurice, No. 50 (Dec. 19, 1988). 314 Md. 391, 550 A. 2d 1135. On certiorari, the Court of Appeals o f Maryland ruled that the incarceration of Bouknight was an infringement of her Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination.According to the Court, the return of the son is testimonial in genius be make believe by doing so, it only proves Bouknights continuing control over her son which may be utilized in a criminal proceeding. It ruled that there are acts of production deemed to have testimonial value citing the case of U. S. vs. Doe (Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight, 488 U. S. 1301 (1988). The U. S. Supreme Court granted the stay of DSS pending the filing of the requisite petition for certiorari.The grant of stay was based on the fact that even assuming that the act of production of the child is testimonial in character, many line of finalitys of the Court are clear that as between the public need vis-a-vis a single claim of an individual on constitutional privilege, the former is upheld. In this fact case, the safety and interests of the abused ch ild must be upheld over Bouknights assertion considering that, in the power structure of values, the safety and welfare of the child takes precedence over other concerns (Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight, 488 U.S. 1301 (1988). Moreover, the information sought which is the whereabouts of the child is for the contempt charge and therefore civil in nature (Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight, 488 U. S. 1301 (1988). The Fifth Amendment Right against Self-Incrimination The Fifth Amendment originated from England and derived from the Latin saw nemo tenetur seipsum accusare meaning no man is bound to accuse himself (Levy, 1968). It was used in both the accusatorial and inquisitorial legal systems of England (Levy, 1968). In the U.S. , by and by the revolution the states ratified the Constitution with the inclusion of the privilege in the standard of rights. The original version of Madison was amended by the kin to include in any criminal cas e (Schwartz, 1971). Thus, as it now stands, the Fifth Amendment provides, . . . nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself . . . (U. S. Constitution, Bill of Rights). The primary purpose of its inclusion in the Bill of Rights is to protect the clear and to further the search for truth Ullmann v. join advances, 350 U. S. 422 (1956). However, in subsequent line of decisions, the Court ruled that other privileges express in the bill of Rights are more in the nature of adjuncts to the determination of truth such as the right to counsel or the safeguards afforded by the Fourth Amendment while the privilege against self-incrimination is primarily for the preservation of the accusatorial system of criminal justice. This maintains the integrity of the judicial system and protects the screen of the individuals from government intrusion Miranda v.Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 460 (1966) Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757, 760765 (1966) California v. Byers, 402 U. S. 424, 44858 (1971). The privilege is a guarantee against compulsion for testimonial evidence which consequently will result in the imposition of criminal penalty on such person making testimony. The Court laid slash the requirements necessary before a party can successfully invoke the protection of the privilege against self-incrimination. In the cases of U. S. v. Doe, (465 U. S. 605) and Doe v. U. S. 487 U. S.201, 209 (1988), the Court enumerated the three (3) requisites that should be present for the Fifth Amendment to apply, namely a) that the statement be testimonial b) incriminating and, c) compelled. According to the court, testimonial refers to all communications whether express or implied which relate to a existent assertion or disclose information (Ashby, J. , 2006 citing Doe v. U. S. , 487 U. S. 201). The statements or communications made whether verbally or in writing fall within the privilege (Ashby, J. , 2006) and is not limited by the forum where it was el icited, i. e.before the court, administrative proceedings or before the law enforcement office Lefkowitz v. Turley, 414 U. S. 70 (1973). The second requirement, incriminating refers to statements that can be used as a basis for a finding of criminal liability under a penal law or provides a link to the chain of evidence for prosecution under a criminal statute United States v. Hubbell, 530 U. S. 27 (2000). The third requisite is the compulsion to give a statement. The Court explained that this requisite refers to circumstances that deny the individual a free choice to admit, to deny, or to refuse to answer (Ashby, J., 2006). Additionally, the Court ruled in the case of Fisher v. United States that these three requisites should all concur and be present so that the privilege can be successfully invoked 425 U. S. 391(1976). Legal and Ethical Issues and their Impact on Social Work Practice The main legal issue in the case of Baltimore is whether the circumstances surrounding it would f all within the ambit of the privilege against self incrimination and consequently, Bouknight may successfully invoke it and prevent her from being compelled to produce or grant the whereabouts of her son lest be incarcerated for contempt.The Supreme Court allowed the stay of the decision of the appellant court for overturning the ruling of the juvenile court and in finding that the compulsion for Bouknight to produce her son forthright fell within the privilege and therefore ordered her release (Alderman and Kennedy, 1992). The appellate court found that the act of production is testimonial and therefore its compulsion, is a violation of the privilege. Furthermore, the interest of the government in the safety of the son cannot outweigh the observance and respect for the privilege against self incrimination as provided in the Bill of Rights (Alderman and Kennedy, 1992).In other words, the three requisites concurred, i. e. the act of production or of furnishing information as to the whereabouts of her son are incriminating and testimonial in character and, there was also compulsion be birth if she failed to disclose information sought she would be incarcerated for contempt as what had happened. The Supreme Court through Chief Justice Rehnquist predicated his discussion on three study points, namely a) The Court of Appeals passed upon a controversy concerning the federal Constitution which logically can be by rights resolved by the U. S.Supreme Court (California v. Riegler, 449 U. S. 1319) b) The act of production does not fall within the ambit of the privilege citing the cases of U. S. v. Doe, Fisher v. U. S. and Schmerber v. California. In these cases, the court ruled that the act of production of the documents is not testimonial and therefore does not infringe upon the privilege considering that their existence and location are already known to the Government. In fact, responding to a subpoena ad testificandum have been considered legal and acceptable even if compulsion is present Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976). Moreover, when an accused is required to furnish his handwriting sample, this had been held not to violate the privilege because it is not testimonial but merely evidentiary United States v. Flanagan, 34 F. 3d 949 10th Cir. 1994). The third point c) is by using the balancing of interests test or balancing the public need vis-a-vis ensuring the individuals constitutional civil liberties, public need prevailed considering that the revealing of information was non-criminal and not directed at a particular group as was held in the case of California v.Byers, 402 U. S. 424 (1971) where the validity of a law requiring disclosure of the name and address at the scene of a vehicular accident. Similarly in the case of red-hot York v. Quarles where the Fifth Amendment rights have to give way to a public safety exception and therefore in the case of Bouknight, the public safety exception to the Fifth Amendment was justifi ed because its interest was in protecting children alike(p) Maurice, not in prosecuting (Alderman and Kennedy, 1992).In sum, the privilege against self-incrimination is not an authoritative right. Albeit the civil liberties accorded under the Bill of Rights safeguards undue government intervention and restraint to its power, there are instances when these rights would have to give way to compelling interests of the society that would warrant Government intervention and intrusion such in the case of protecting and ensuring the safety of infants or children from physical abuse.Once it has been established that a child is abused, it becomes the duty of the State to take over and protect. The judicial pronouncement in the case of Bouknight has a pervading and far reaching subtraction on social work practice. This gives the social workers a great burden and responsibility to follow up sharply abused children in foster care or those released under an order of protective supervision. Ad mittedly, there is an apparent lack of strict protocols in the present system of child welfare agencies (Parks, 2005).A set of guidelines must be crafted to govern exigencies of missing children from foster care like supervised visits and court orders in cases of abduction like what have occurred in Maryland with Ariel who had been abducted by his mother Teresa B (Parks, 2005). Guidelines should also be drawn to address the coordinated efforts both with the law enforcement and child welfare personnel. Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425 A graduate student from India, Prosenjit Poddar went to the University of California Berkeley to study naval architecture.It was there that he met Tatiana Tarasoff. A few kisses made him believe that they have a special relationship until Tarasoff bragged about her many relationships with other men. Poddar suffered depression until he sought professional person help from Dr. Moore, a psychologist of the University Health S ervice. He confided to the doctor that he intended to secure a triggerman and to kill Tarasoff. On the strength of a letter request of Dr. Moore, Poddar was taken by the campus police, however upon self-confidence that Poddar was reasonable he was released.Upon the return of the University Health psychiatrist from his vacation, he ordered the destruction of Dr. Moores letter and did not recommend any further action on Poddars case. When Tarasoff returned from her vacation, she was stabbed and killed by Poddar who at that measure moved in with her brother already. The parents of Tarasoff sued the Regents of the University, its health personnel namely, Gold, Moore, Powelson, Yandell and the campus police namely, Atkinson, Beall, Brownrigg, Hallernan, and Teel for failing to expostulate with their daughter of an impendent peril (Tarasoff v.Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). At the lower court, the complaint was dismissed because there was no cause of action. Acc ording to the lower court, the defendants only had the duty to the forbearing and not to a third party. The dismissal was appealed to the Appeals Court but which only sustained the dismissal. Thus, it was elevated to the Supreme Court of California. The appealed decision in so far as the university police officers, Atkinson, Beall, Brownrigg, Hallernan, and Teel finding them not liable to the plaintiffs was affirmed.However, in so far as the therapists and the Regents of the university, the appealed decision was overturned for reception of evidence in accordance with the pronouncements of the Supreme Court (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). In fine, the complainants averred four (4) causes of action, namely a) Failure to detain a risk of infectionous persevering b) failure to warn on a dangerous patient c) abandonment of a dangerous patient and, d) breach of primary duty to patient and the public (Tarasoff v.Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). Anent the first and fourth causes of action, the Supreme Court ruled that the defendants cannot be held liable because of a specialized provision of the Government commandment or Section 856 thereof which grants right to public employees from any resultant damage or injury from deciding whether or not to oblige a person with mental ailment. This provision is also applicable to the therapists because the law also refers to those who are undefended of recommending confinement.As regards the third cause of action, the government immunity includes the award of exemplary damages resulting from a wrongful finish and therefore, defendants cannot be held liable (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). Anent the second cause of action, the Supreme Court found defendants therapists and Regents of the University to have failed to comply with their duty to warn Tarasoff of the peril to her life.Albeit, the therapists had no direct relations with Ta rasoff, they could have reasonably foreseen the danger and threat to her life as confided by their patient, Poddar. This is the point where the law establishes the duty of care on their part to warn Tarasoff. Their failure to warn her may reasonably concluded as a proximate cause of her death. The duty of confidentiality between patient and psychotherapist and the right to privacy of the patient cannot prevail over public interest or public safety. Moreover, there are clear provisions of laws, i.e. Section 1024 of the Evidence Code and Section 9 of the Principles of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association which allows the physician to divulge matters confided to him in confidence when it is necessary for public welfare (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). Confidentiality The effective therapeutic relationship between physician/psychiatrist and patient rests largely on trust that matters confided by the patient during the treatment are kept in strictest confidence by the physician/psychiatrist.It is the estimable duty of the physician to observe privacy and confidentiality of his patients (Corbin, 2007). While it is also of public interest to ensure that treatment of those who are mentally ill by maintaining an atmosphere whereby they can have an open dialogue with their therapist and of safeguarding its confidential character the same public interest calls for an imperative recognition of instances whereby disclosure of the confidential communications be revealed and be made to safeguard public safety and avert the threatened peril.In the instances, where the public safety is at risk, the therapist must disclose confidential information discreetly with due regard to protecting the privacy of his patient (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). The parameters of confidentiality are defined by law and by the ethical code of sell for practitioners in the territorial jurisdiction. In the case of Tarasoff, the Evidence Code and the Principles of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association provided specific and limited exceptions under which the confidentiality privilege can be breached, i.e. if the psychotherapist has reasonable cause to believe that the patient is in such mental or emotional condition as to be dangerous to himself or to the person or property of another and that disclosure of the communication is necessary to prevent the threatened danger unless he is required to do so by law or unless it becomes necessary in order to protect the welfare of the individual or of the community (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425).It would be wise for the practitioners to familiarize themselves of the limits of confidentiality as provided under the laws considering that it may differ from state to state. The Tarasoff case provided a basis to guide a practitioner in his professional dealings relative to the duty to warn others in cases of a specific threat of harm by his patient against others/another. Subsequent cases followed the consistent pattern of the jurisprudence laid take down by the Supreme Court. In the case of David v.Lhim (1983), the plaintiff-administrator of the estate sued the psychiatrist who treated the son who killed his mother after he was released from the hospital. There was failure on the part of the psychiatrist who treated the son to warn the mother of the authorization danger after her son confided his intentions of killing her (Corbin, 2007). In another case, Chrite v. U. S. (2003), the Veterans Administration was held liable for having failed to warn the intended victim of a patient of a threatened harm.Subsequent rulings of the court clarified and defined what represent threat as imminent threat of serious danger to a readily identifiable victim and specific (Corbin, 2007). When there are no specific provisions of the law, Dickson (1998) proposes that the therapist/practitioner may be protected against lawsuits if he would consult and keenly document the case of the patient or comply with the mandated inform guidelines required by some states.Reamer (2003) on the other hand, suggests that the therapist must have evidence that the patient is a threat to the safety of another evidence of that the threat can be foreseen threat is imminent and that the potential victim is identifiable. Legal and Ethical Implications and their Impact on Social Work Practice The duty of reasonable care to assist others in danger is a legal duty as well as a chaste duty. However, American negligence law only recognizes it as a moral duty except when there exists a relationship between parties.In the case of Tarasoff, no special relationship existed between the therapist and Tarasoff however the court has made an exception to this general rule (Bickel, 2001). It declared that the therapist has the duty to care and to warn Tarasoff of the imminent harm on her life. This also includes th e duty to control the conduct of his patient, Poddar. In the same breath, a doctor has the duty to warn his patient if he has a catching disease (Saltzman and Furman, 1999).There is an affirmative duty for the therapist to advise and warn Tarasoff of the threat to her life although this meant breach of confidentiality with his patient Poddar. This finds basis both legally and ethically considering that the law and the code of ethics for doctors have recognized and provided specifically that doctors are bound to disclose relevant facts to others even if this violates confidentiality with their patients provided they are required by law or if it is required for public safety (Saltzman and Furman, 1999).This legal duty to warn applies when the threat is specific and imminent and where the victim is readily identifiable (Bickel, 2001). The courts also have recognized the difficulty in assessing and predicting circumstances that may lead to harm or violence and consequently, adhered to the professional judgment rule whereby the therapist is not held liable for errors of judgments. indebtedness attaches only upon showing that the conduct of the therapist was not in accordance with the accepted professional standards (Bickel, 2001).There is an ambivalency that was created by the Tarasoff protective disclosure ruling with the practitioners (Kachigian and Felthous, 2004). Analogous cases and protective disclosure statutes in the different states were study and it was discovered that there are no clear defined parameters of these duties. The therapist is required to a legitimate way betray his patient by disclosing matters which are protected by confidentiality.Considering the uncertainty brought about by the legal doctrine and court decisions, the undesirable consequence of which was deterrence for therapists to accept treatment potentially bowelless patients (Merton, 1982). Moreover, therapists are more inclined to have their patients committed in an institution so that threats to the safety of potential victims can be averted. The Tarasoff protective disclosure was even extended recently to include even communications made from a patients family member as pronounced by the Court in the case of Ewing v. Goldstein (May and Ohlschlager, 2008).The dubious jurisprudential precedents by the courts in interpreting the protective disclosure statutes or its fixing to common law instead of interpreting the statute left a vacuum in the comment of the duty to protect (Kachigian and Felthous, 2004). As a result, clinicians must continue to rely on their clinical and ethical judgment, rather than statutory guidance, when considering potential protective disclosures or future drafts of protective disclosure statutes (Kachigian and Felthous, 2004). References Alderman, E. and Kennedy, C. (1992). In our apology the bill of rights in action.First Avon Books edition. Ashby, J. (February 2006). Note declining to state a name in consideration of the fifth a mendments self-incrimination clause and law enforcement databases after Hiibel. Michigan righteousness Review, No. 4, Vol. 104779. Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight, 488 U. S. 1301 (1988). Bickel, R. Revisiting Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California the scope of the psychotherapists duty to control dangerous students. Presented before the twenty-second Annual Law and higher Education conference in Clearwater, Florida on 18-20 February 2001.California v. Byers, 402 U. S. 424, 44858 (1971). Corbin, J. (Fall 2007). Confidentiality and the duty to warn Ethical and legal implications for the therapeutic relationship. The New Social Worker, Vol. 14, No. 4. Dickson, D. T. (1998). Confidentiality and privacy in social work. New York The Free Press Doe v. U. S. , 487 U. S. 201, 209 (1988). Fisher v. United States, 425 U. S. 391 (1976). Kachigian, C. and Felthous, A. (September 2004). Court responses to Tarasoff statutes. Journal of American Academy of psycho pathology and Law Online, Vol. 23263-273.Levy, L. (1968). Origins of the fifth amendment The right against self-incrimination. May, S. and Ohlschlager, J. (2008). California alert Tarasoff ruling expanded for clients who go off. ECounseling. American Association of Christian Counselors. Merton, V. (1982). Confidentiality and the dangerous patient Implications of Tarasoff for Psychiatrists and lawyers. Emory Law Journal, Vol. 31265. New York v. Quarles, 476 U. S. 649 (1984). Parks, A. (2008). Unless the Court of Appeals decision is reversed, MD children may not be. Daily Record The Baltimore.Reamer, F. (2003). Social work malpractice and liability. New York Columbia University Press, 2nd ed. Saltzman, A. and Furman, D. (1999). Law in social work practice. Brooks Cole, 2nd edition. Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757 (1966). Schwartz, B (December 1971). The bill of rights A documentary history. Chelsea House Publishers with McGraw-Hill Education. Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425. Ullmann v. United States, 350 U. S. 422 (1956). U. S. v. Doe, 465 U. S. 605. United States v. Hubbell, 530 U. S. 27 (2000).

Poverty-a Social Evil Essay

Poverty is the cause of in all social Evils This universe is abounding with innumerable masses who are unable to afford the bare stripped necessities of life. They live below the need line and even face the problem of getting a unanimous meal. They lack in food, enclothe and shelter. Generally they live in slums and jhuggis. They move from pillar to post in search of food barely re romp in the evening empty handed. They even spread their workforce before all that remain devoid of alms. Poverty leads to criminal activities like robbery, thefts, Murder, kidnapping and looting. instanter and then one send word find headlines in the papers about their criminal activities. We often sustain across reports about whole family committing suicide by taking poison as they cannot afford a square meal. Even the parents do not hesitate to sell their children for just Rs. 1000. These are such a people who kill their gloomy wards because they cannot provide them the minimum necessities of life. Woman you can be even seen change their bodies or working as sex-workers. When people are unable to get their livelihood by true means, they are bound to turn into criminals.Very often people find criminals living only in slums. Poverty is the cause of all social Evils This universe is replete with innumerable masses who are unable to afford the bare minimum necessities of life. They live below the poverty line and even face the problem of getting a square meal. They lack in food, clothes and shelter. Generally they live in slums and jhuggis. They move from pillar to post in search of food but return in the evening empty handed. They even spread their hands before all but remain devoid of alms. Poverty leads to criminal activities like robbery, thefts, Murder, kidnapping and looting.Now and then one can find headlines in the papers about their criminal activities. We often come across reports about whole family committing suicide by taking poison as they cannot afford a s quare meal. Even the parents do not hesitate to sell their children for just Rs. 1000. These are such a people who kill their small wards because they cannot provide them the minimum necessities of life. Woman you can be even seen selling their bodies or working as sex-workers. When people are unable to get their livelihood by honest means, they are bound to turn into criminals. Very often people find criminals living only in slums.

The Sexual Objectification of Women

The sexual objectification of wo workforce on the mass media is becoming an alarming affair. According to Faridah, et al.s study, the uses of sex take cargons of wo men in advertizing by contrary companies who showk to promote their products ar doing an injustice to women (Faridah, et al. 4). It is a challenge the in the advance(a) democracies with regards to the objective of building an egalitarian troupe.It is worrying that the modern democracies would still promote women objectification. It seems that the leaders have remained so dormant and silent in pointing out the levels of favoritism exercised in the mass media in the name of publicizing (Berberick 12). A nonher thing is that mass media has been used as an instrument to advocate for equal rights among different genders in the conjunction while on the different hand, it is used to discriminate women sexually.This study is pull back through different means, which include friendly, psychological, philosophical and e conomic rights that examine the way sexual objectification of men infringes on their rights. In this milieu, the media should non be used to exploit women that should be used to promote their rights and the protection different mint from the heterogeneous levels of discrimination.Therefore, this study is central to address the issues of exploitation and discrimination perpetuated by the advertisement companies that promote several(a) products in the market.Literature ReviewThe portrayal of women in the mass media beats them appear vulnerable to manipulation. Scholars such(prenominal) as Turner atomic number 18 worried that women are thinly represented in as actors in the existing news programs, besides are instead used negatively in advertising certain products (Turner 2).They appear as newfangled and slim in the advertising programs in the televisions as well as magazines for eye-catching purposes. The women on such advertisement platforms are explicated as instruments t o inspire women to like certain products. Their main role is just to make men b littleed as sexual objects rather than people with value and personality. They are shown to embody each trait of beauty aimed to attract men in like those products.The society is tailored in a way that women are only if perceived to look good to impress men, not for their own good. The products are advertised and made to imply that when used, the skin becomes flawless and beautiful that can be admired by men. It is a very unfortunate affair that should be discouraged by all means in the contemporary society for a sustainable greater posterity.Another thing to point out is that the decision to gear up anything in the media program is influenced by the current state of ethnic and complaisant values.In different societies, such values are greatly based on gender. Females in that respect are considered weak and lesser beings to their male counterparts. Through cultural and hearty norms, womens rights have been violated, and that is why the same spirit spirals to the media advertisements, which portrays women as objects, not humans with values and images to protect.Punyanunt-Carter did a study on the African-American portrayals on the televisions and confirms that this group of people is to a greater extent objectified in the American televisions (Punyanunt-Carter 245). Faridah, et al. on the other hand states that the movies produced around the periods of the fifties portrayed women as perfect(a) objects of domesticity, while in the contemporary world, women are portrayed as sexual objects that make men happy and satisfy their sexual desires (Faridah et al. 7).The most important question to answer is why women must just be implicated negatively and vulnerable. Even if at propagation they are portrayed as professionals at times when out of their offices, they are given a negative image. They are only seen as those that can only be teased, admired, played upon and desired by men .In her study on women images in Polish and Malayan print media, her findings pointed out that even if done in done in different cultures, the study just about women portrayal has some profound similarities and commonalities in the findings.The unfortunate thing addressed by the experts involved in the subject of women discrimination in the social media is that despite the efforts to establish a gender sensitive society where people are treated equally, there are still rampant cases of discrimination against women in various fronts.Faridah et al. is worried about the same, to a greater extent so the words used to describe women when portrayed in the social media (Faridah et al. 5). She says that when the media decided to focus on women in the public space during the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, the terms used were very unpleasant.In fact, she considers the words like burning bras, hardcore feminists, and nude person women running around the streets of Huario us among others to be devilish and uncalled for in the contemporary society. This is a weighty proof that the society still remains negative about women and only considers them objects of sexuality that cannot stand for anything good. Even if they try to do something significant, they are only seen to be irrelevant.MethodologyThe study relies greatly on the existing pieces of literature to paint the image of women portrayal in the televisions. It is part of the wider study of women and childrens representation in the contemporary media, which include unprinted and printed media. It is generally a qualitative study that relies on the literature about women negative portrayal on the televisions in the get together States of America, which is used as a case study to represent some of the discriminations against women that are undertaken silently in the social media.The ideas by Faridah et al. and Punyanunt-Carter are significant since they explore different findings that have common i ssues worth addressing in women discrimination in the social media.The scholars are credible in their studies as they explore different pieces of randomness from different scholars to justify their arguments. They use longitudinal approach to expose the various stereotypical ways in which women are disregarded in the society. I chose the sources since they provide a thrust of the investigation, which is thought-provoking to the readers who are carried with their findings to be part of the fight against women discrimination in the social media.PositionalityI do this study with an aim of addressing some of the injustices done on women in social media. The negative portrayal of women in different fronts like television, magazines, and internet makes them smell out less valued in the society. It appears that the society is only happy when they are used. They are seen to best jeer as objects to make men happy and satisfy their sexual needs.Sexual objectification lowers their self-este em. The awful thing is that women from other cultures are more objectified than others are. Women from African-American communities are more portrayed negatively than those from other cultures. This means that social media are only used by the society to promote the cultural negativity about women, something that seems to be more embedded in people.This implies that there is a serious need for attitudinal interchange to ensure that that learning ability is alleviated. Women deserve recognition and respect just as their male counterparts are. They should not be seen as second class citizens but should be regarded with an utmost value they deserve.Studies show that the spirit of discrimination against women stems from the tradition that only regarded men to manage media. Women are meagerly represented in the employment positions.Faridah et al. states that only 33.3% of women are in full-time employment among the 59 countries they surveyed (Faridah et al. 3). It implies that women d o not equal men when it comes to job competition and other important positions in the society. Another unfortunate thing is that different studies have been done on the subject of women discrimination in the social media, but nothing much has changed.It means that various experts need to be more vigorous in addressing the problem of women discrimination in the social media. The revolutionary change in applied science has made it easy to sexually objectify women, something that needs to be addressed with sufficient attention to change negative attitude that makes it easy to discriminate women in the social media and other areas.The numbers of women that appear in the social media as main actors are few, but those that are shown on the negative side of the shows are many. Even though men are also objectified, their number is smaller. It means that there is much to be done to deal with the issue of women discrimination. It is also apparent from the study that women are highly discrimi nated in the social media.The negative portrayal of women on television is fueled by the social and cultural norms that consider men to be superior beings to their female counterparts. They are seen to best fit to make men happy by serving their sexual desire. This mindset does not believe that women can look good for their own sake, but that they do so to attract men.As a result, it is ostensible that it is a negative mindset, which kills womens self-esteem, significance and values, as opposed to men who are seen to be important and worth the best in the society. It remains a serious matter that should not be allowed to thrive in the contemporary society.ConclusionThis study confirms that it is utterly big(a) to continue the negative portrayal of women in the social media, more so in the contemporary world. As pointed out herein, the portrayal of women in the social media has been marred by a lot of discrimination. For instance, during the fifties, women were pictured as perfect o bjects of domesticity.Today, they are portrayed as sexual objects that can only be used to make men happy and satisfy their sexual desires. As a result, they are seen to be significant and less valued in the society apart from being there to make men happy. The most regrettable thing is that besides the numerous studies than on the same area, the discrimination against women still thrives.This means that social and cultural norms that disregard women should be attacked and changed. The best way to attack such norms is attitudinal change communication, which would make the society to see life more differently. Instead of being viewed as objects to make men happy, they should be seen as entities that should be incorporated in different avenues to help the society to grow.

Marx on Wage and Capital

7 PAGES 3,380 WORDS Marx argued that capitalist economy, like previous socio sparing systems, would ineluctably produce inwrought tensions which would put across to its destruction. 3 Just as capitalism inter mixture feudalism, he believed communism would, in its turn, re grade capitalism, and lead to a bowless, egalitarian parliamentary law called polished communism. This would issue later a transitional time period called the dictatorship of the project a period sometimes referred to as the workers claim or workers state. 45 In section wizard of The communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the mapping intrinsic kindly contradictions play in the historical process We attend then(prenominal) the means of issue and of exchange, on whose design the butt superstard-d causeie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain spirit level in the suppuration of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions nethe r which feudal society produced and exchanged the feudal dealing of property became no longer congruous with the already developed cultivable forces they became so many fetters. They had to be tumble as under(a) they were burst asunder.Into their place stepped innocent competition, accompanied by a social and semi policy-making personality adapted in it, and the economic and political s focal point of the conservative class. A similar sweat is firing on before our own look. The productive forces at the government activity of society no longer t give notice to further the development of the conditions of capitalistic property on the contrary, they make believe become in any case potent for these conditions, by which they argon fettered, and so currently as they keep down these fetters, they engage order into the entire of businessperson society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6 Marx argued for a systemic sagacity of socio-economic change. He ar gued that the structural contradictions in spite of appearance capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism The development of new-fangled Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the supremacy of the labor attempt are every bit inevitable. (_The communistic Manifesto_)6On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through with(predicate) organized ultra action. He argued that capitalism give end through the organized actions of an internationalist workings class socialism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an idealistic to which real(a)ism will live with to countersink itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the set forth straightway in ex istence. 7 temporary hookup Marx remained a relatively obscure gens in his own lifetime, his ideas and the political orientation of Marxism began to employ a major work on workers movements shortly after his death. This catch gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October renewing in 1917, and few parts of the globe remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the triad principal architects of advanced social science. 8 Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. 3 Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the dictatorship of the proletariat a period sometimes referred to as the workers state or workers democracy. 45 In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process We see then the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces they became so many fetters.They had to be burst asunder they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further t he development of the conditions of bourgeois property on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as hey overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6 Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers.Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. (_The Communist Manifesto_)6 On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international wor king class Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. 7 While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science. 8 Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. 3 Just as c apitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the dictatorship of the proletariat a period sometimes referred to as the workers state or workers democracy. 45 In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process We see then the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder they were burst asunder.Into their place stepped free competition , accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6 Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the pr oletariat are equally inevitable. (_The Communist Manifesto_)6On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. 7 While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science. 8 Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. 3 Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the dictatorship of the proletariat a period sometimes referred to as the workers state or workers democracy. 45 In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process We see then the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal soc iety produced and exchanged the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder they were burst asunder.Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6 Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism The develop ment of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. (_The Communist Manifesto_)6On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. 7 While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers movements shortly after his death. Thi s influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science. 8 Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. 3 Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the dictatorship of the proletariat a period sometimes referred to as the workers state or workers democracy. 45 In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process We s ee then the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder they were burst asunder.Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6 Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. (_The Communist Manifesto_)6On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The condi tions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. 7 While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science. 8 Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. 3 Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the dictatorshi p of the proletariat a period sometimes referred to as the workers state or workers democracy. 45 In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process We see then the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder they were burst asunder.Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. The productive forces at the disposal of socie ty no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6 Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. (_The Communist Manifesto_)6On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. 7 While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science. 8

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.#3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.3 - Essay modelingThe research aims at chance oning whether there is difference in the learning of complex and simple rules between teacher-directed (explicit) and grammar-discovery (implicit) approaches and if much(prenominal) differences exist at different levels of proficiency such as beginners, intermediate and advance language learners.The field entailed quantitative study over 2-month period at three proficiency levels with pre-post and delayed-post tests. The number of participants was 70 and their ages ranged from 13 to 19 years. Two treatment groups (N=35 in each group) with different proficiency levels were administered 15-minute sessions 4-5 times a week over the entire period of study using same mini grammar quiz and typography prompt. Explicit treatment was teacher-directed with formal rules piece of music implicit treatment was task-based and grammar-discovery. Chi-square data analysis was used to identify the differences in grammar learning gains.The findings indicated that educational activityal intervention increases the learning of grammar forms. For implicit instruction, the interaction increased learning due to opportunity to improve cognitive ability to unconsciously analyse materials. For explicitly taught group, findings demonstrate that adults use deductive reasoning and benefit from structural presentations and ability o relate new information with their L1. The results indicate the methods content since explicitly-taught groups scored highly than implicitly-taught groups for the complex rules. This indicates explicit groups cognitive approach resonates well with adult learners brains while implicit groups attempts to discover rules and assimilate forms through practice. I agree with the author that teachers can spend more(prenominal) time in teaching complex grammar rules through explicit methods and allow the students to induct the simple structures and rules of grammar.I was interested in this source since I believe it lays foundation on future studies on grammar instruction

Describe your son room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

pull back your son room - Essay ExampleThe furniture rises out of this mess as varying levels of to a greater extent of the same. The bed I gave him was a wooden framed futon with a full-sized black mattress but all star can see of this is unitary side of the wooden frame closest to the wall where an inexplicable and more often than not inaccessible hole exists in the mess reaching all the way to the floor only a few wrappers here and a couple other pieces of trash. The rest of the bed is more of the same broken blankets, clothing and pillows. The desk is recognizable thanks to the computer monitor and keyboard, but these are crowded as wholesome by piles of papers and unopened mail. A standing lamp rises disdainfully out of the boxes and bundles piled up against one wall that creatent moved since we moved here more than a year past and a TV set peeks out from under yet more clothes slung over its bloom as if it were a waiting valet. I dont dare peek in the confine for fea r of what monsters might exist in there.At one point in time, I would have thr experience a fit for him allowing his living space to become such a danger geographical zone but over the years I have determined that I have other things to drop down my energy on. He is uncomfortable in his room but I am allowing him to discover on his own the joy and the relaxation available when one can simply rest in their own quiet, private, clean space something not at all possible in the rooms received state forcing him to frequently invade his cleaner sisters room or vacate the fireside altogether in order to find a place to relax. As long as he donjons his door closed so none of his disaster spills into the rest of the kinfolk and he avoids destroying the rest of the house as he has his room, I try to stay out of his business. He had an entire childhood of having to keep his room clean now that hes a teenager, its time for him to choose when he wants to actually grow up and take care of h is

Managerial Competences. Exploring personal development needs (Set of Essay

Managerial Competences. Exploring ain development needs (Set of tests) - Essay ExampleMBTI TYPES ISTJ Serious, quiet, earn success by concentration and thoroughness. Practical, orderly, matter of fact, logical, virtual(prenominal) and dependable. See to it that everything is well organised. Take responsibility. Make up their own minds about what should be accomplished and play towards it steadily, regardless of protests or distractions. ISFJ Quiet, friendly, responsible and conscientious. Work devotedly to meet their obligations. Lend stability to any check or group. Thorough, painstaking, accurate. Their interests are usually not technical. Can be patient with necessary details. Loyal, considerate, perceptive, concerned with how another(prenominal) people feel. INFJ Succeed by perseverance, originality and desire to do whatever is needed or wanted. Put their topper efforts into their work. Quietly forceful, conscientious, concerned for others. Respected for their firm principle s. Likely to be honoured and followed for their clear visions as to how best to operate the common good. INTJ Have original minds and great drive for their own ideas and purposes. Have long-range vision and promptly find meaningful patterns in external events. In fields that appeal to them, they have a exquisite power to organise a job and carry it through. Sceptical, critical, independent, determined, have high standards of competence and performance. ISTP Cool onlookers quiet, reserved, sight and analysing life with detached curiosity and unexpected flashes of original humour. Usually interested in cause and effect, how and why mechanical things work and in organising facts using logical principles. Excel at getting to the core of a practical problem and finding the solution. ISFP Retiring, quietly friendly, sensitive,... If you are an active learner in a screen out that allows little or no class while for discussion or problem-solving activities, you should try to compensa te for these lacks when you study. employment in a group in which the members take turns explaining different topics to each other. Work with others to guess what you entrust be asked on the next test and figure out how you will answer. You will always save information better if you find ways to do something with it. How can reflective learners help themselves? If you are a reflective learner in a class that allows little or not class time for thinking about new information, you should try to compensate for this lack when you study. Dont simply read or take the material stop periodically to review what you have read and to think of possible questions or applications. You great power find it helpful to write short summaries of readings or class notes in your own words. Doing so may take extra time but will enable you to retain the material more effectively.