Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Nervous System Involvement :: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Medical Essays

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Nervous System Involvement Upon concluding my neurobiology course, I pass some time reflecting on what Ive learned round the nervous system and its functions. I thought about how much progress has been made in the dwell couple of decades alone in defining and understanding certain aspects of neuronal functions, and must admit that I am very impressed. However, there is still so much we dont know about this area, and nowhere has this notion proved more true than in my exploration of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. As will presently be clear, this disease is highly debilitating and can greatly lower the quality of an individuals life, yet to date there are no definite findings about the etiology of this illness. But even more importantly, this illness shows the importance of understanding and being able to assess the different workings of our nervous system and its abstruse nature. Unfortunately, the study of this same disease also shows the human inabil ity to yet do so. So what is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, or CFS? I would like to be able to explain exactly what CFS is, but true to the nature of what is known about this illness, there is no precise way to describe CFS. Rather, the disease is determine through a number of symptoms (both physical and psychological), including unexplained and persistent fatigue of new or definite onset, concurrent with short-term memory loss, sore throat, stamp axillary lymph nodes, muscle pain and unrefreshing sleep, among a number of others, for a duration of at least six months. As is probably evident, the above symptoms, in extension to being signs of CFS, are also the same (or very similar) symptoms experienced in such diseases as Lymes disease and the flu. There are symptoms that involve the Gastrointestinal nerve pathway (GI), immunological-related symptoms, symptoms of psychiatric disease like depression, sexual malfunction, endocrine dysfunction-basically every system in the body. Th is is part of the reason why CFS is hard to detect, and is usually chosen as a diagnosis only at the exclusion of all other possible ailments. The other difficulty that lies with diagnosing CFS is that there is no way of measurement the level of a persons fatigue-there is no way for a physician to tell whether a patient complaining of fatigue is experiencing the type of fatigue associated with CFS or he/she is just extremely tired and overworked.

The Ivory Coast Overview and Media Analysis Essay -- essays research p

Part 1 Country BackgroundThe Rpublique de Cte dIvoire, also known as the bone Coast, is a country in West Africa bordering Liberia and Guinea to the west, Mali and Burkina Faso to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The location now known as the Ivory Coast was do a protectorate of France during the era of imperialism by a treaty in the 1840s, and became a French colony in 1893. The country gained its independence in 1960, at which lead it was led by Flix Houphout-Boigny until 1993. During these years, the country was closely tied with its West African neighbors economically and politically, but also maintained trade with the western world, furthering the nations economic development. However, since the end of Houphout-Boigny?s rule the countries stability has been in serious decline, brought on by a number of coups vying for power. Following the takeover by deuce militia groups in 1999 and 2001 that served to replace the preexisting political p owers, the country has been subject to a complaisant war since 2002. Today, the government is identified as a republic with strong executive power embodied by the president, President Gbagbo. The nation?s current state of unrest has greatly hampered its economic development and accessible and political stability, and the violent state of the country poses a serious threat for those wishing to do business with the Ivory Coast.Part 2 Country profile?PopulationAccording to UN census data in 2005, Cte dIvoire has a population of 17.1 million individuals. According to data in 2003, 43.6% of the population is female. The largest city in the country is Abidjan, which is the center for most of the countries economic activity and host t... ...urces receive pressure from parties in power to present a specific point of view. Additionally, I believe that the widespread poverty throughout the country further inhibits the local freedom of press. My findings of limited internet access and low literacy rates hint a lack of social mobility that may correlate with people?s inability to demand truth from local media forces. It is clear that the powers in charge put up not accepted the responsibility to place value on a high standard of media, and therefore it is the role of the citizens to pursue such freedoms. Because local citizens know not been able to express these wishes, perhaps it is at this point that Western influences must intervene. Although Western influence has been hampered in the Ivory Coast by civil war, our global awareness of the situation in the country provides grounds for intervention.

The Second World War (WWII) Essay -- World War 2 II Two

WORLD WAR TWOThe second world was is the ugliest brutally violent emotionally damaging warfare ever. Through out this shape paper I will use various references to inform you some how the United States wanted to stay out of the dangers of war with powerful ruthless countries. How Americans battled through many conflicts and various attacks, and finally builds up to the mighty United States of America becoming a huge world power.The war came about because of the depression. The world powers were struggling, but they still had their natural resources to maintain their way of life. Germany, Italy, and Japan however relied on foreign trade for food and raw materials. If these countries were button to be able to survive and compete they would have to overtake other lands with valuable natural resources. When Germans newfound Nazi-leader Hitler obtained control of a huge group of manpower to do his deeds. His mass number of men overtaking Europe made many Americans start talking. The se Americans were talking as though they lived in the ship water travel days. They felt as though their two oceans would keep them out of war and they could remain at peace if they simply refused to fight. Those Americans were against alliances with other countries so they were referred to as isolationists. Roosevelt contradictory the isolationists. In nineteen hundred and forty when German bombs fell on the British Isles, the fight between Roosevelt and the isolationists escalated.Teddy Roosevelt was elected to a third term and begins building aircrafts for over seas governments as well as other various war equipment, but still refused to shove the United States of America into war.The Germans were upset about this and used this rage to inflict more pain on the Jews.On August third, nineteen hundred and forty-one President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill collaborate at Placentia Bay to discuss the war in Europe and the far east. The two spoke of an eight-point sys tem. At this meeting the two men pledged to aid Russias struggle with axis powers it also sent out a warning to Japan to leave the Far East alone.Japan was expanding all throughout Asia. The Japs were acquiring ready for war and on July twenty forth, nineteen hundred and forty-one her troops occupied all ... ...ing Americans. Men were smothered to death in horseshit thrown by explosions. The foreign fighter pilots would attack hospital wards. This would force the patients to run for their lives even amputation cases tried to hobble out in the confusion. Prayer was the nevertheless escape for the disabled victims.Two days later the Japanese overran the Bataan peninsula. The battered American forces withdrew to Corregidor there they made another brave stand. By May sixth, however, they could withstand out no longer, and were forced to surrender. Of the 40,000 soldiers that became prison houseers to the Japanese, more than half died- some from the long march under the hot sun with out food and water, some from mistreatment in the prison camps. This was a war that was fought on far away lands many people had to go find forgotten geography books just o see were their families were existence sent to die for a cause of freedom. As president Roosevelt said The news was all bad.(1 page 753). German subs were sinking ships in Chesapeake bay. The Russians continued to occur on France. And , in England, German bombers were showering down explosives on London, Coventry, Liverpool, and Bristol all populated with civilians.

Social Justice is NOT Achieved by Income Redistribution Essay -- Globa

The full term social justice has existed since the 1840s and has continued to transform over the years. Global justice is simply another in a long melody of interchangeable prefixes such as national justice, economic justice etc that precede the word justice. A plethora of policies are advocated under the name of spherical justice. This paper will consider the more popular proposal of income redistribution and consider its intellectual foundation and how it relates to justice, as well as its real cosmos implications.The most apparent and theoretically, the most easily overcome obstacle inherent in this idea is the very definition of the term social justice. As the years go by the term grows to encompass an ever increasing number of issues. It can mean anything from income redistribution to AIDS prevention. For some contemporary examples, the student activist group Global Justice1 has no definition of the term it so prominently uses as its name yet states that its purpose deals wi th AIDS, contend and child survival. nowhere does the organization attempt to explain why their particular stand on those particular issues has anything to do with global justice. USC professor Robin D.G. Kelley is the executive editor program of the Social Justice Wiki2. The stated objective of the online encyclopedia is to document various activist groups and movements3. Any attempt to discern any further insight of the term social justice from the very encyclopedia dedicated to its name will result in failure as there is no indication as to why those special groups fall under the banner of social justice and other groups do not, except for purely subjective and arbitrary guidelines4.The pervasiveness and the emptiness of the term speak volumes ab... ...e on society, but rather we have a clear case of who is being unjust to whom. The incredible irony of this situation would be that this legitimate and justifiable form of global justice (in which case the guilty parties were un just in their individual conduct and are clearly identified) would usually be invoked in order to counter policies enacted merely under the justification of social justice. Perhaps social justice activists can redeem themselves of this past error, but only if they begin advocating against the injustice of trade barriers and immigration restrictions for that is the only valid application of justice on a global scale. Any other justification for income redistribution leads to innocent individuals who justly acquired their satisfying wealth, unjustly forced to pay compensation for the suffering of others they had no part in promoting.

Lady Macbeth of Shakespeares Play, Macbeth Essay -- English Literatur

Lady Macbeth of Shakespeares Play, MacbethLady Macbeth is the most interesting and complex character in Shakespeares play, Macbeth. She is, in fact, the point on which the action pivots without her there is no play.The aim of this essay is to describe Lady Macbeths role in the play and discuss why this makes her the most fascinating character. Her evil doings are the briny reasons why she dominates the plot so greatly. These include the following considers Macbeth to be a wimp not wanting to murder letting Macbeth fulfill her plan fetching control over Macbeths thoughts and actions turning Macbeth from a loyal man to a greedy, coldhearted human being. Also Lady Macbeths transformation in character and her relationship with Macbeth contri simplye to her importance. Lady Macbeth satisfies her role among the high society and is well respected like her husband. The mightiness of Scotland, King Duncan, calls her our honoured hostess. She shows great affection towards Macbeth but at the same time very ambitious, as shown by her reaction to the prophecies given to him. She immediately decides that the fastest way for Macbeth to pay off king is to murder King Duncan. When Lady Macbeth hears of the prophecies given to her husband her true character is exposed for the audience to see. Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to go and make the prophecy true that he will become king. Macbeths thoughts on the prophecy before his wifes intervention was that If chance will hav...

Lady Macbeth of Shakespeares Play, Macbeth Essay -- English Literatur

Lady Macbeth of Shakespeares Play, MacbethLady Macbeth is the most interesting and complex character in Shakespeares play, Macbeth. She is, in fact, the point on which the action pivots without her there is no play.The purpose of this essay is to describe Lady Macbeths role in the play and discuss wherefore this makes her the most fascinating character. Her evil doings are the main reasons why she dominates the plot so greatly. These include the following considers Macbeth to be a wimp non wanting to murder letting Macbeth fulfill her plan taking control over Macbeths thoughts and actions turning Macbeth from a loyal man to a greedy, brittle human being. Also Lady Macbeths transformation in character and her relationship with Macbeth contribute to her importance. Lady Macbeth satisfies her role among the high society and is well view like her husband. The King of Scotland, King Duncan, calls her our honoured hostess. She shows great affection towards Macbeth but at the same time very ambitious, as shown by her reaction to the prophecies given to him. She flat decides that the fastest way for Macbeth to become king is to murder King Duncan. When Lady Macbeth hears of the prophecies given to her husband her true character is exposed for the audience to see. Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to go and make the prophecy true that he allow for become king. Macbeths thoughts on the prophecy before his wifes intervention was that If chance will hav...

Power in Shakespeare

Power has significantly marked the society w here(predicate) we ar in present-day(prenominal) development. Power is unrivalled of the best ways to require a society, yet it impacts the society in a negative way when it comes to distri besidesing rights and opportunities. That is, since it involves the worst issues within the government kn take as corruption. In William Shakespeares play, Richard III, and Aristophanes play, Lysistrata, some(prenominal) authors employ the major role and cin iodin casept of originator.Both Shakespeares and Aristophanes approach to exponent has influenced the accord of federal agency and by means of their exemplars one can employ their ideas as to wherefore sometimes I musical none placeless or indexful in my current life of a student. The views expressed by these authors are focused politically to power, which make people reflect on what power means this involves attraction and subjugates provocation. The power is so owing(p) that it clear out always be seen negatively. With power one can organize groups just now, there deprivations to be an authority.For example, like those with the political, economic, military or religious power. Yet, the problem comes when the abuse of power arises and when having too much power, the spirit can be corrupted. It is necessary that one should nurse a good stance when power comes into hand and one should see it as something to improve on kinda than to enhance on the small things that one does non need. Power should be seen as the ability to control to do the right thing and for that reason, be able to accomplish positive changes for the rest of the community.As a student, one has the ability to cook power or not to have power either by sitting in a regular classroom or beingness at the university in public. At the university, there are laws, sterilize holds and authority that unavoidably to be followed and for that reason a student could sometimes feel powerles s. For instance, there is a rule at FAU that a student cant be lacking from a class for a certain amount of days. The student is able to feel powerful because he or she has the ability to not go to class.Yet, once he or she r each(prenominal)es or passes the amount of days, the student will be automatically dropped out and in addition will receive a punishment for it. So a student can feel powerless because it has no otherwise prize but to go to the class just so he or she wouldnt get penalized. In other words, one could explain how polar styles of power could have similar characteristics through the norms and rules that exist today. For example, the power exerted from a government of any country must be abided by the people who inhabit it through compliance ith the same laws and standards. Also, the student of any university must in any case follow the same rules and laws established by the university. As you can see, this example represents a power running scheme of a major and minor scale, but with a similar goal, which is how to maintain order where there is always power. The penalty is always the consequence, that is, if you decide to shoot too much power into your own hands. If one has power, he or she should be able to manipulate it substantially enough to not let it go into the wrong hands.Similarly in Richard III, Shakespeare employs Hastings as a lord with honor who always remains loyal and trustworthy to the family. But when he provides all his trust and all his power to Richard, Richard ends up killing him. With power comes a consequence, and coinciding to this idea, that is why with power, corruption always occur. To that reason, a student will feel powerless because he or she has no other choice but to attend class. In order to be able to advance and be successful in class, you have to depend on your surroundings rather than self-advancement.One should be able to find peers and ask them what they did the whole class. Also, one is able t o get the notes and basically get everything of what the teacher did without being in class. This being said, a student will feel powerful entirely if they have their surroundings by the palm of their hand. If the student is going to use his or her power, it will need to depend on its surroundings in order to be able to get the power that he or she wants. As said by Shakespeare, Which done, deity register King Edward to his mercy, and leave the world for me to bustle in, for then Ill join Warwicks youngest daughter (5).At school, one cannot depend on himself or herself, but on the teacher and on the peers. In Shakespeare view, he is showing how Richard views his power and Richard needs his surroundings and his superiority in order to get to King Edwards throne. As for Aristophanes, Lysistrata would have never been able to succeed if she did not have the attention of the other women. Her use of manipulation helped her gain power and she was able to take back her man and bring pea ce to the city. In addition, manipulating is being able to handle, control, or use someone or something cleverly and skillfully for ones own advantage.A student can exercise the power to manipulate other students not to follow the rules or establish academic programs. Students who do not have responsibility and candor are able to induce other students not to follow their school schedule, for example the students class attendance. The students friends will recognise them to not attend class, go to the beach, or throw class just to miss it. And likewise, they are able to decrease the academic level in their classes because they use up no responsibility and maturity with the commitment to remain in a stark institution such as a university.These students still depend on their parents and since they know their parents will pay everything for them, they get low self-esteem and they wont be able to value themselves and appreciate what they have. For this reason, they are people who ha ve no responsibility and have no commitment when it comes to effort and it will be reflected once they attend the university. Therefore, that is why they influence other students to do the same. Aristophanes explains how the women were able to manipulate the power and strength of their husbands and warriors, exerting some manipulation of their womanhood and wife.Similarly, Shakespeare speaks of Elizabeths power over King Edward. By then, Richard is seeing the king as being weak and being handled by women. Why, this it is, when men are ruled by women my peeress Grey his wife, Clarence, tis she that tempers him to this extremity (Shakespeare 3). Comparing the previous texts, a student to a certain extent, can manipulate by being able to respect and impose the university rights. For example, receiving an academic background in the area specified and chosen by the student and freely expressing its ideas and not being able to get punished because of them.This is why universities should take responsibility to train professionals and specialists in various areas of knowledge, as well as the formation of authentic citizens with moral and ethical responsibilities committed to the social truthfulness around them. In Lysistrata, the women had a hard time being comprehend by the town and similarly, I have that same problem with my life as a college student. Just as the commissioner said in Lysistrata, you expect me to take orders from a woman. Id die first (Aristophanes 91).The men during that era did not take the women into consideration and they were never taken into account. They were always ignored and predominated the power of men. Aristophanes portrayed the women into another new level by giving them the importance that they needed. Although they were only valued as a house wife, Aristophanes took into consideration how important call forth is in the life of men, and gave power to the women using their ingenuity. Due to the fact that FAU has a great amount of t udents not only in the school in general but in the classes as well, the profs cannot provide a personalized education for each student. For that reason, that is why students sometimes feel ignored. It is very complicated for a professor to dictate a class with an abundance of students and the time assigned by the university because it limits them to give just a general class. In the other hand, it is not the professors fault but it is the universitys in general as to why most students are ignored. It is up on our time to go to the professors office hours just to have a conversation from person to person.People usually ask what they have to do in order to get to power while having the connections and influences and at the same time being a normal and unremarkable person. For me, the answer or explanation to this question is due to my presence here at Florida Atlantic University because it is obtained through preparation, school work, and knowledge. For that reason, there is a fa mous contrive said by nearly everyone today that knowledge is power. Yet, through the knowledge that I gain, I have the ability and power to make my own decisions.Power in ShakespearePower has significantly marked the society where we are in current development. Power is one of the best ways to control a society, yet it impacts the society in a negative way when it comes to distributing rights and opportunities. That is, since it involves the worst issues within the government known as corruption. In William Shakespeares play, Richard III, and Aristophanes play, Lysistrata, both authors employ the major role and concept of power.Both Shakespeares and Aristophanes approach to power has influenced the understanding of power and through their examples one can employ their ideas as to why sometimes I feel powerless or powerful in my current life of a student. The views expressed by these authors are focused politically to power, which make people reflect on what power means this involv es attraction and subjugates provocation. The power is so great that it will always be seen negatively. With power one can organize groups but, there needs to be an authority.For example, like those with the political, economic, military or religious power. Yet, the problem comes when the abuse of power arises and when having too much power, the mind can be corrupted. It is necessary that one should have a good posture when power comes into hand and one should see it as something to improve on rather than to enhance on the small things that one does not need. Power should be seen as the ability to control to do the right thing and for that reason, be able to accomplish positive changes for the rest of the community.As a student, one has the ability to have power or not to have power either by sitting in a regular classroom or being at the university in general. At the university, there are laws, rules and authority that needs to be followed and for that reason a student could someti mes feel powerless. For instance, there is a rule at FAU that a student cant be absent from a class for a certain amount of days. The student is able to feel powerful because he or she has the ability to not go to class.Yet, once he or she reaches or passes the amount of days, the student will be automatically dropped out and in addition will receive a penalty for it. So a student can feel powerless because it has no other choice but to go to the class just so he or she wouldnt get penalized. In other words, one could explain how different styles of power could have similar characteristics through the norms and rules that exist today. For example, the power exerted from a government of any country must be abided by the people who inhabit it through compliance ith the same laws and standards. Also, the student of any university must also follow the same rules and laws established by the university. As you can see, this example represents a power running scheme of a major and minor sc ale, but with a similar goal, which is how to maintain order where there is always power. The penalty is always the consequence, that is, if you decide to take too much power into your own hands. If one has power, he or she should be able to manipulate it well enough to not let it go into the wrong hands.Similarly in Richard III, Shakespeare employs Hastings as a lord with honor who always remains loyal and trustworthy to the family. But when he gives all his trust and all his power to Richard, Richard ends up killing him. With power comes a consequence, and coinciding to this idea, that is why with power, corruption always occur. To that reason, a student will feel powerless because he or she has no other choice but to attend class. In order to be able to advance and be successful in class, you have to depend on your surroundings rather than self-advancement.One should be able to find peers and ask them what they did the whole class. Also, one is able to get the notes and basically get everything of what the teacher did without being in class. This being said, a student will feel powerful only if they have their surroundings by the palm of their hand. If the student is going to use his or her power, it will need to depend on its surroundings in order to be able to get the power that he or she wants. As said by Shakespeare, Which done, God take King Edward to his mercy, and leave the world for me to bustle in, for then Ill marry Warwicks youngest daughter (5).At school, one cannot depend on himself or herself, but on the teacher and on the peers. In Shakespeare view, he is showing how Richard views his power and Richard needs his surroundings and his superiority in order to get to King Edwards throne. As for Aristophanes, Lysistrata would have never been able to succeed if she did not have the help of the other women. Her use of manipulation helped her gain power and she was able to take back her man and bring peace to the city. In addition, manipulating is be ing able to handle, control, or use someone or something cleverly and skillfully for ones own advantage.A student can exercise the power to manipulate other students not to follow the rules or establish academic programs. Students who do not have responsibility and honesty are able to induce other students not to follow their school schedule, for example the students class attendance. The students friends will tell them to not attend class, go to the beach, or miss class just to miss it. And likewise, they are able to decrease the academic level in their classes because they assume no responsibility and maturity with the commitment to remain in a serious institution such as a university.These students still depend on their parents and since they know their parents will pay everything for them, they get low self-esteem and they wont be able to value themselves and appreciate what they have. For this reason, they are people who have no responsibility and have no commitment when it com es to effort and it will be reflected once they attend the university. Therefore, that is why they influence other students to do the same. Aristophanes explains how the women were able to manipulate the power and strength of their husbands and warriors, exerting some manipulation of their womanhood and wife.Similarly, Shakespeare speaks of Elizabeths power over King Edward. By then, Richard is seeing the king as being weak and being handled by women. Why, this it is, when men are ruled by women my Lady Grey his wife, Clarence, tis she that tempers him to this extremity (Shakespeare 3). Comparing the previous texts, a student to a certain extent, can manipulate by being able to respect and enforce the university rights. For example, receiving an academic background in the area specified and chosen by the student and freely expressing its ideas and not being able to get punished because of them.This is why universities should take responsibility to train professionals and specialists in various areas of knowledge, as well as the formation of authentic citizens with moral and ethical responsibilities committed to the social reality around them. In Lysistrata, the women had a hard time being heard by the town and similarly, I have that same problem with my life as a college student. Just as the commissioner said in Lysistrata, you expect me to take orders from a woman. Id die first (Aristophanes 91).The men during that era did not take the women into consideration and they were never taken into account. They were always ignored and predominated the power of men. Aristophanes portrayed the women into another new level by giving them the importance that they needed. Although they were only valued as a house wife, Aristophanes took into consideration how important sex is in the life of men, and gave power to the women using their ingenuity. Due to the fact that FAU has a great amount of tudents not only in the school in general but in the classes as well, the profes sors cannot provide a personalized education for each student. For that reason, that is why students sometimes feel ignored. It is very complicated for a professor to dictate a class with an abundance of students and the time assigned by the university because it limits them to give just a general class. In the other hand, it is not the professors fault but it is the universitys in general as to why most students are ignored. It is up on our time to go to the professors office hours just to have a conversation from person to person.People usually ask what they have to do in order to get to power while having the connections and influences and at the same time being a normal and ordinary person. For me, the answer or explanation to this question is due to my presence here at Florida Atlantic University because it is obtained through preparation, school work, and knowledge. For that reason, there is a famous phrase said by nearly everyone today that knowledge is power. Yet, through th e knowledge that I gain, I have the ability and power to make my own decisions.

Interview with a Human Services Worker Essay

I chose to interview my mother. Her name is Barbara Lee and she works for the Riverside County Office of Education. She is an infant teacher of the deaf and hard of hearing. She has been working in her sit for about 30 years and she still loves itThe serviceman problems she works with are working with hearing impaired children and their families. There are both parent-child kinroom settings and in-home settings. about of the technologies used are hearing aids and auditory trainers. An auditory trainer is an electronic device that allow a person to focus attention on a speaker and reduce the interference of back round noise. I believe the model my moms position would exemplify would be sympathetic Services, since she does teaching and parent support.A person involved with the agency by newborn hearing screenings, which refers newborn babies that have not passed his or her audiological screenings. Another stylus to be involved is by parent referral through Regional Center or othe r referrals from other infant programs. The rewarding part of Leslies craft is that she can increase parent child communication, bonding, understanding and, overall developmental growth. She is also involved in making sure the child is placed in the appropriate program after the child turns 3.If Barbarba had the option to make a change in the program it would be to add a second class during the week. At the present time, there is only one class a week. The second class would be added after the child turned 2. Overall, she would like to get out more services for the children, but there unfortunately is not enough funding.The initial reason my mother started to work in the human services affair was because she felt there were not enough people that represented the deaf and hard of hearing. The college my mother went to which was Lewis and Clark University in Oregon had a well-known program for reproduction teachers of the deaf. After all this time my mother still choosesto work in the Human Services field because she feels that working with young children provides increased family understanding in the development of the brain and communication abilities at an optimal time for both brain development and social connectedness (B. Lee, personal communication, October 15,2010).Barbara Lees personal values impact on her performance because she believes in the positive spirit within individuals. She believes that the positivity can be used to promote positive human relationships within family situations. When my mother started the position years ago, she was unaware of the wide range of individual differences within families and cultures. Also how these differences mend family dynamics and how the role of cultural differences affect human interactions.ConclusionIn conclusion, my mother loves her job and this is something that I am actually interested in doing. In these times, knowing sign language and specializing in deaf handicaps can in fact set one apart from t he rest. Knowing that by seeing the babies once a week can sincerely make a difference in their development is a big job that not everyone can handle.ReferencesLee.B Personal Communication, October 15, 2010

Discuss the Importance of Ethics in Business in Light of the Recent Global Financial Crisis (GFC)

The 2008 global pecuniary crisis has affected todays economy severely based on the pays on issues such as immoral practices, institution, regulations, enterprise ethics. Factors to consider with the collapse that lead to the financial crisis is the weighty outcomes that financial companies were non foreseen in advanced of borrowing mortgages for the companies. The change of ethics with enterprises demonstrate how bloodline approaches to ethics over the past years where ethics is seen in different perspectives.Lessons be learnt from financial mishaps in the lack of informedness in respectable performances to businesses. The recent global financial crisis has recently existed with a lack of awareness on business ethics policies where unprofessional practices are performed on dangerous mortgage borrowers have occurred without having any awareness of the outcomes of financial collapses (Lewis 2010). Business ethics is defined as the significance of moral performances on busin ess in workplaces. also Lewis (2010, p2) has mentioned that lending practices have become out of control and increasingly inexistence since the finance industry has given out mortgages to people that do non have the faculty to repay back their mortgages which worsens the situation into a financial deterioration. Greed is another issue to consider in the collapse of the financial crisis where financial institutions did not interpret at peoples abilities on whether the mortgages they have borrowed from the bank can be repaid without any debts arising like in this financial crisis.In other words greed and unethical performances can lead to such situation as the global financial crisis, seeing the collapse of mortgages and corporations in business ethics. Governance is defined as policies or methods installed to administrate how businesses operate and Regulation is defined as a structured type of regulation managed in finance companies (Clarke 2010).There are certain difficultys be with the issues on governance and regulation with its attachment to the global financial crisis. Issues such as subprime mortgages and stock markets land a major role to the fall of the economy. The collapse of governance policies lead to the unsuccessful process of handsome subprime mortgages to corporations that are incapable of managing their repayments on the mortgages which also leads to a downfall on house prices.With a failure to regulation policies to the financial crisis the stock market began to collapse where when people were unaware of this situation and mortgages started to have trouble increasing their capital on the balance sheets. acquire mortgages in the United States can also be part of a culture where citizens want to own their own houses but are still not aware of the dangerous downfalls that have occurred to companies that cannot repay their mortgages.Thus the situation for both regulation and governance collapses will only increase if no solution to the pro blem occurs such as being more(prenominal) aware of who borrows out the sub prime mortgages and what are the dangers with borrowing mortgages to the financial corporations. The economic crisis and financial disasters also play a role to the downfall of business ethics in the financial crisis where problems such as misunderstanding of communication in ethical behaviour arises (Jameson 2009). capacious companies in the economy had bad predictions and insufficient evidence to prove that mortgage investments were safe to be mortgaged out, where clients are not alert of the future threats of not being able to repay back the mortgages companies have given to the stakeholders. Jameson (2009, p502) states that Managers who had inside information astir(predicate) the problems failed to persuade others to take appropriate action this meaning managers did not perform their duty to inform clients about the troubles these mortgages had in the future.Speaking generally economics and financial disasters can exist from the insufficient communication of ethics to the stakeholders about the dangers of mortgage collapses. The shortage of attendance to business ethics has a big impact to the financial crisis where straightforwardy in ethics plays a major role. Regulators are considered to have good purposes to financial organisations but contain destroying results which is the boom of debts where honestly cannot be found in ethical ways for businesses (Huw 2010).The guidance of teaching more on ethical practices is being greatly regulated by the financial associations that will learn their honesty which will avoid such shortages of unawareness of honest ethical practices. In general ethical practices regulated to the finance industry need to be existing to avoid future problems of financial breakage. The changes of ethical train in sustainable enterprises shows how todays society in business performs different points of views on ethics.To expand ethical enterprises it is ver y important to be aware of what is morally and immorally correct in different cultures which has an impact on the changes of enterprises over the past thirty years (Potocan & Mulej 2007). The concept of culture in ethical approaches relates to circumstances like Enron and Royal Ahold where a one perspective approach to enterprises was applied. To improve the situation Enron and Ahold should be a lesson learnt for future expansion of ethical practices in sexual congress to perspectives of enterprises.Thus the change of sustainable enterprises can be seen through cases such as Enron and Ahold and how todays society is moving forward with more awareness on enterprise performances. The importance of financial service industries on having more regulations installed to enforce the performances based on the principles of ethics where seen in past financial crises that has seen huge losses in capital and the motivation to put through transactions that could crash companies downfall on shar e markets (Cascio, WF & Cappelli, P 2009) .The more meter consumed on ethical regulations which will help improve financial companies in their ethical performances in avoiding the financial crisis in business ethics. As Cascio has mentioned financially colleagues in the workplace were jeopardising their chances in reducing themselves by hiding the losses the companies have accumulated business to the loans that were unrepayable.The fixing of regulations in ethical practices in businesses helps make financial areas of the workplace avoid future financial crisis situations from reoccurring. Therefore financial association should aim to be more aware of ethical situation in relation to the 2008 global financial crisis. In conclusion there are plenty of factors contributing to the recent global financial crisis that affect the current existance of corporate governance, business ethics and regulations which will benefit a lot to finance companies.The unawareness of subprime mortgages in the collapse of the financial crisis will only increase if no governance and regulations on ethical performances are installed to avoid future problems. The modification of enterprise ethics has learnt that different perspectives on morals will benefit organisations financially giving important advice about investments before risking companies to a downfall on mortgages, practices on borrowing loans and the management of stock markets.

Crying of Lot

Oedipal runs Into people with multiple concerns and identities, or who are actor sort compulsive role-players. (She herself gets the name tag Arnold Snare stuck on her. ) Later, the men around her start dissolving or disappearing In even more drastic ways. Obviously, this sense of mental variability Is a result of Ponchos method characterization, which gives surface traits rather than psychological depth still, its good to remember that Hollywood Is not far away.But suppose Hollywood is the world? And suppose Poncho is presenting us with a world without stable selves or identities? Write in any way that interests you about a few of these characters and the consequences for Oedipal of her encounters with them. -Oedipal herself- plays many roles, beginning we see her as a housewife, later as a student, even as a granddaughter -Banal life at the beginning of the unfermented (Departure, fondue, kirsch, mixing drinks transcendence to protagonist on top of conspiracy, Like James bond w ith affair. Remember at the beginning when she talks about all the roles she could play. -gets incapacitated and pretends to be a tourist/stockholder (56) As granddaughter talking to Mr.. Tooth (61) -Voyeur Listener and detective (85) -Pierce- many roles -Did Press- lawyer to actor to lawyer -Metzger- from child star picture/actor to lawyer -Much- car salesman to DC to molester/non-law-abider - fall- (peg 51) -A cross or the Initial T? Could be either in the wells Fargo Incident (60) -Motherly when meeting generation Cohen (64) -Arnold Snare (75) -NAZI salesman- Zap books Buchwald Ramp Dry.Hilarious Oedipal turned into her normal conscious self for a little while, tells police her name (95) -Eyewitness (much interviewed her) and Edna moss (peg 97) E) Paranoia and Reading How does the experience of reading The strident of Lot 49 resemble Oedipal way of making meaning? -I want to see if theres a connection. Im curious at the play before Driblet (page -Why is everybody so Interested in texts? Poncho, via Driblet, speaks to the reader You guys, youre Like the Puritans about the Bible. So hung up with rods, words. 16 This Is not a warning to the reader and Oedipal against Interpretation. Instead, It Is a warning to the reader and Oedipal of the addictive nature of their respective searches. Alphas search Tort ten Orlando version of The Couriers Tragedy, which is obstructed by her inability to separate her play from its author, editor program or producer, is an exaggerated metaphor of the r traders troubles in making sense of the novel. 17 For our purposes, they serve to wed the readers point for a literary meaning with Oedipal quest for self-discovery.As mentioned before, a major el meet within the reader and Oedipal quest is paranoia. Paranoia pushes the reader through the text. We are constantly led towards a conclusion, but and so deceived. Our inability to decipher symbols relates to our inability to increase the communicative entropy of our world. Nevert heless, The Crying of Lot 49 succeeds in actively involving the reader within the text, a certification of postmodern literature. -Looked on bathroom wall again to find symbol. Asks playwright about bones. *More she looked into things more she saw in it (53/54)

PESTEL Viet Nam Analysis Essay

A. Introduction of Viet NamVietnam is approximately 331688 km2 in atomic do 18a and occupied the eastern coast of the Southeast Asian peninsula. The Yankee part of the artless part consists n un cadencelyly of high schoollands and the Red River Delta. The south is divided into coastal lowlands and extensive forests. Because of differences in latitude and the marked mannequin of topographical relief, the clime tends to vary considerably from place to place. During the winter or dry season (November to April), the monsoon wind blowing from the northwest brings considerably moisture. Consequently the winter season in most parts of the country is dry. Major Vietnamese cities include Hanoi in the north, Da Nang in the mid coastal region, and Ho Chi Minh City (formally cognize as Saigon) to the south. Vietnam has considerable energy resources much(prenominal) as oil, gas and coal and its 41,000 km long waterways provide the basis for hydropower. The country is rich in minerals su ch as bauxite, iron ore, lead, florid, precious st wizs, tin, chromate, anthracite, granite, marble, clay, white sand and graphite. In amplification, Vietnam has a considerable fresh and saltwater fauna, dense tropical forestry resources and it possesses great agricultural potential.The news report of Vietnam, reference to the Geneva Accord signed in 1954. The accord ended French colonial rule, and the country was partitioned into the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh and the Republic of Vietnam in the South. The capitals were Hanoi for the North and Saigon for the South. Fights led by Ho Chi Minh to unite the country started in 1959 and lasted until 1975. Hanoi became the capital of the country whilst Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City. Following reunification, the Vietnamese governments initial plan was to man shape up the parsimony via methods of of import planning. Based on experiences gained during the 1976-1980 cardinal solar days plan, subsequent cen tral plans introduced more relaxed policies with appraise to agricultural collectives, sound out Owned Enterprises and allowed more scope for private initiatives. These measures were instrumental in elevating poverty.Growth assesss during the early 80s were higher than during the 1976-1980 five form plan, however it became evident that further policy shift were obligatory to enable the Vietnam economy to perform appressed to its potential. Economic reform was the key point of discussion at the Sixth guinea pig troupe Congress held in December 1986. The process then initiated of touching from a centrally aforethought(ip) economy to an open, socialist-oriented and multi-sector market economy known as Doi Moi (renovation). In 1992, the National multitude revised the post-unification constitution to get around reflect the aspirations articulated in the Doi Moi process. Economic performance since 1986 has justified the policy of relaxation of central control, the challenge fa ced by Vietnam has been the maintenance of rapid scotch ontogeny and integration into the global economy.B. P.E.S.T.L.E REPORT ON VIET NAM1. PoliticsThe Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a single-party put in. Its current state constitution, which replaced the 1975 constitution in April 1992, asserts the central role of the Communist Party of Vietnam in all organs of government, politics and society. In 2011, Viet Nam held the 11th Congress of Vietnam Communist Party, in which happened the Election of the Party commutation Committee for the new term. Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong was elected to be the General Secretary. After the Congress, thither happened the fist Congress of the Parliament, term 13th, in which Mr. Nguyen Sinh Hung was elected to be the President of the Parliament, Mr. Truong burn Sang the President of the Country, and Mr. Nguyen Tan Dung was elected to continue the position of Prime Minister. This Congress also issued 4 degrees foremost, approving the State Budget, se cond, agreeing on the platform of building laws and ordinances in2012, third, beginning the study of the amendments and supplements of the 1992 Constitution and establishing the revised draft of the 1992 Constitution, and finally, the degree on the issuance of certain additional tax measures to remove difficulties for enterprises and individuals, contri merelying to economic development in 2011. In 2011, the disputes over the East Sea was the main cause of some changes in relations among Vietnam and some important countries in the world, especially theVietnam chinaw be and Viet Nam U.S. Tension in the East Sea has escalated due to Chinas provocative acts in May, 2011. Then happened many anti-Chinese protests in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh city. In this context, the relation between Viet Nam and the U.S was proclaimed to be elevated to strategic partnership.4 And late 2011, the tensions in the Vietnam-China relations vote out to the visit by the senior officials of the dickens coun tries.In terms of politically domestic policy, the government kept a political stability, and showed some positive signs. For example, the emancipation of the press seemed to be encompassing. In addition, the government was also more awargon of its limitations and of the policy mis discovers. Concretely, at the Fourth Conference of the Party Central Committee (XI), Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong said Besides the achievements, the Party building work still has many limitations and shortcomings, weaknesses, even spanning multiple defects these limitations would reduce peoples trust in the Party if not corrected, they leave alone be the challenge for leadership of the Party and the survival of the regime.2. EconomyThe division of 2011 was important for the economy of Viet Nam because this is the first year in the latest Socio-Economic Development Strategy (2011-2020), with the intention of becoming an industrialized and moodrn economy by 2020. This strategy goes on to identify the countrys key priorities to look this ambitious target stimulate the economy, build world-class infrastructure, create a skilled labor force, and strengthen market-based institutions. According to Vietnam Development Report (VDR) 2012, meeting these aspirations will not be easy. In fact, the country has experienced bouts of macroeconomic turbulence in late yearsdouble-digit inflation, depreciating currency, capital flight, and loss of international reserveseroding investor confidence. Besides, rapid growth has revealed new structural problems. The quality and sustainability of growth remain a source of concern, given the resource-intensive pattern of growth, high levels of environmental degradation, lack of diversification and value addition in exports, and the declining contri just nowion of productivity to growth. Vietnams competitiveness is below threat because the powergeneration has not kept pace with demand, logistical costs and authoritative estate prices have climbed, and skill short progresss argon becoming more widespread. And these difficulties strongly existed in 2011. Concretely, the inflation in 2011 was 18.13% the growth of GDP has slowed (5,89%). Domestic and international gold price gap increase. The Corruption index 2011 from Transparency International ranked Viet Nam at the position 112.This shows that Viet Nam has been faced one of the most difficult challenges of economic development. In terms of financial, according to the document of humanness argot, in 2011, foreign direct investment inflows (to Viet Nam) continued at a steady pace, although new commitments declined. International reserves change magnitude in the first half of the year while the Vietnamese dong benefitted from a period of relative calm. In the last quarter of the year, however, give-and-take rate fluctuations change magnitude due to volatility in gold prices, deepening uncertainties and the seasonal increase in demand for foreign currency as the year end approaches. Wi th approximate 9 billion U.S. dollars, the amount of money coming from overseas Vietnamese was one of the biggest sources of foreign currency in 2011. This amount is identical to the amount of FDI. Hong Kong, Singapore, and Japanese are the countries that contri hardlyed the biggest investment to Viet Nam in 2011. Hai Duong, Ho Chi Minh city, and Ha Noi are three places that has been most invested in recent time. The sectors that most draw out the attention of foreign investors are processing industry, electricity supply, and accommodation and dining service. However, according to the analysis of a chief economist, Dr. Allan Pham, though facing the difficulties as mentioned above, the economy is coming to a better prospect in 2012, especially with a certain success in the fight against inflation of the country (the inflation has been trending down since the 4th quarter of 2011).Following is the figure of the selected macro indicators of the economy in recent yearsKey Indicators200 720082009201020112012GDP growth (%)8.56.25.36.785.86.0CPI (%)12.6236.5211.7518.012-14 look at dearth (USD)12.517.812.212.412.113.3Exports (USD)48.462.556.671.680.286.5Imports (USD)60.880.368.884.092.499.8FDI commitments (USD)21.366.521.518.615.018.0FDI disbursement (USD)8.011.510.011.012.012.5Credit growth (%)542137.727.61518SBV Base rate8.28.58.09.09.09.0Deposit rate (%)7.0-8.07.0-8.59.5-10.510.0- 11.01412.0Lending rate (%)10.0-12.010-12.510.5-1213.0-13.518-2014-16USD/VND (bank rate)16,01617,46818,60019,50021,50022,500Foreign AffairsAt present, Vietnam has established diplomatic relations with 168 countries, and it has economic and trading relations with about 165 countries. Vietnam joined the United Nations in 1977. Vietnam became an official component of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1995, and has concluded a cooperation agreement with the European Community. Relationships with multi-national financial institutions such as the World Bank (WB), the Inter national Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) have been re-established. Viet Nam has been participating in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) since 1996 and became a member of the Asia peaceful Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) in 1998. Vietnam became an official member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 11 January 2007. In January 2008, the country started a two year term as an elected non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Vietnam signed the bilateral trade agreement (BTA) with the United States in 2000. Besides aspects of international trade, the BTA covers a variety of other areas, including intellectual place rights, trade in services, development of investment relations, businessfacilitation and the obligation to ensure transparency of laws and regulations. The BTA essentially constitutes a commitment by both countries to open their markets to each other.Intellectual PropertyIn recent years, the Government has taken various measures to incre ase the legal protection of intellectual property and has created an environment of respect for intellectual property as compared to other neighboring countries. Intellectual property rights are protected by the Civil Code (1995 and 2005), the rectitude on Intellectual Property (2005) and a host of subordinate legislation. Vietnam is a long-time signatory to the Paris Convention, the Madrid Agreement on International Trademark Registration, and the conspicuous Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and became a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization in 1976. On 27 June 1997, Vietnam entered into an Agreement on copyrights with the US. According to the Viet Nam-US bilaterally symmetric Trade Agreement, Vietnam is under the obligation to adhere to the Berne Convention. The National king of Intellectual Property (NOIP) is the authority responsible for the registration of industrial property and for the settlement of disputes with regard to industrial property in the first instan ce. Foreign organizations and individuals seeking to register their industrial ownership should file their applications through an authorized agent, who will channel their application to the NOIP. The Office of Copyright Protection under the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism has also been established and is responsible for the protection of copyright. Works may be registered with the Office of Copyright Protection however, registration is not a prerequisite for copyright protection. Currently, patents are protected for a period of 20 years. A certificate of avail solutions may be granted for 10 years. A certificate of industrial design is granted for 5 years and may be renewed each 5 years. However, the total effective period of a certificate cannot exceed 15 years. Certificates of trademarks are granted for 10 years with no restrictions on the issuance of renewals.Investment GuaranteesThe Government of Vietnam guarantees fair treatment for investors. Capital and other leg al assets of investors will not be expropriated or confiscated by law or administrative measures and businesses with foreign-investedcapital will not be nationalized. Foreign investors are allowed to remit ab passage investment capital and profits, loan principal and interest, and other legal go on and assets. Expatriates working for businesses with foreign-invested capital or for a business cooperation contract are permitted to remit their in number abroad. The Vietnam government respects intellectual and industrial property rights and the interests of foreign investors relating to applied science transfers into Vietnam.Economic RisksGlobal Finance Crisis is the hottest issues that people discuss most in this few years. The global financial crisis that started from the United States raises a very broad collision to Vietnam.InflationInflation has been in double digits since 2007 and peaking at 28% in August 2008. The financial deficit accounted for 4.5-5% GDP in 2008 while trade deficit reached US$17.5 billion (or over 20% of GDP), a level that signals vulnerability to a sudden drop in external demand (Figure 2). A high rate of investment combined with a sizeable fiscal deficit resulted in rapid growth in aggregate demand in the first half of 2008. Massive capital inflows generated asset price inflation, especially in real estate and land prices.Export DeclineVietnamese exports have suffered the strongest controvert impact. With economic problems in the US, EU and Japan, which together account for more than 60% of Vietnamese exports, Vietnam saw a significant decline in export revenues. Vietnams export revenues fell 6.5% in November 2008 and a further 24% drop in January 2009 (year-on-year) (Figure 3). Orders for manufactured exports including garments, footwear and furniture dropped quickly, while seafood5 producers are also under pressure. The decline of orders has ca apply great difficulties for exporting companies, many of them are at risk of closing down.6 Vietnamese exports growth is forecasted to decline from 30% in 2008 to 13% in 2009.UnemploymentUnemployment has worsened. At February 28, 2009, 66,700 workers (out of 45 trillion workers) lost their jobs in 2008 with national unemployment rate of 4.65%. Thus, it is estimated that over 80,000 workers lost their jobsnationwide in 2008. The latest forecast of Vietnam Labor and usance Agency estimates the figure to hit 400,000 nationwide in 2009. Job cuts are rising especially in big cities11 with industrial, processing and exporting zones. The situation may worsen in 2009 with an unemployment rate of 5% and at a projected economic growth of 6.5%. High unemployment has already affected domestic demand and consumers plan in Vietnam, which are bearish in recent months.3. Socio-Culture3.1 EducationViet Nams world enjoys a relatively high standard of teaching method. In fact, Confucian morals has strongly influenced upon Vietnameses viewpoint of social values, and learning has always been considered as one of the best values that a person should desire to achieve. Nowadays, education has been still considered as one of the most important issues that the country has to pay great attention. Recently, at the 11th Party Congress, the government is determined to develop a national education policy as one of the priorities of the country. As a result, the country has gained big success in education. Concretely, according to the 2009 Census results, there are scarce nearly four million people who have never attended school (5.0% of the total population aged 5 years and over) and as compared with the 1999 Census this number has decreased 5% (6.9 million people, account for 10.0% of population aged 5 and over). This shows the significant progress of Vietnams education sector in minimizing the number of people who never go to school. The official figures also point out that the literacy rate for the population aged 15 years and over increased by 3.7% (from 90.3% in 1999 to 94.0% in 2009).The female literacy rate increased 4.9%, while the male literacy rate increased 2.2%, significantly narrowing the literacy rate gap between men and women. Ha Noi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City are three provinces having the highest literacy rate (97.9%) while Lai Chau has the lowest (59.4%). This data shows that the literacy rate was not only increased quite rapidly but also express successes of Vietnams gender equality work in the education sector.13 certainly, besides such successes, Vietnamese education system also has faced many challenges,including poor infrastructure, lack of equipment and teaching materials, low wages precipitating an acute shortage of skilled teachers and academic staff, a relatively poor linkage of higher education with research, production and employment, and some contradictions of the system. As the analysis of RFA, the situation of education in Viet Nam in 2011 had some noted points as followingThere were three positive point s of the education in Vietnam in 2011. The first point is the plan of reducing the load of textbooks from primary to subaltern school of the Ministry of Education and Training. The second is the plan of achieving universal preschool education for children of 5 years old. In this plan, the Ministry of Education will build public kindergartens for children at age 5 in the hilly areas and the poor students will be exempt from tuition fees, with the plan of over 95% of children enroll in 2 sessions / day by 2015. And the third is the policy of fosterage and vocational training in poor areas such as the Highlands. On the contrary, there were also many crucially negative points of the education in 2011. First of all, there was the imbalance in enrollment in universities and colleges between students with practical involve. The sectors of social sciences, agriculture, forestry and slantery were registered by only 2.5% of exam registration records (while Vietnam has up to 70% of the po pulation are farmers). And the sectors in demand such as business, tourism had to be encountered the difference between training and recruitment practices and this leads to the fact that graduates get difficulty to find job. Secondly, teachers salary does not meet their living when inflation is high and this leads to some problems the teachers could not focus on their business as they had to find extra jobs, or to open extra classes. Thirdly, there has existed the problem of the degradation in social moral philosophy of many students, due to lack of paying attention on humanity teaching, which can be proved by many cases of students committed violent nefarious or crime.3.2 Human ResourceThe national average population in 2011 estimated 87.84 million, up by 1.04% compared to 2010, including male population 43.47 million, (49.5%), and female population 44.37 million, (50.5%). Urban population is 26.88 million,(30.6%) rural population is 60.96 million (69.4 %). According to the offi cial report, the population structure by age in Vietnam is in a positive change. The population in the working age is 46,48 million, increased 0,12% compared to 2010. The proportion of workers in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries declined from 48.7% in 2010 to 48.0% in 2011 in industry and construction rose from 21.7% to 22.4% and in the services maintained at 29.6%. The unemployment rate in the working age was 2.27% in 2011, of which the urban areas account for 3.6%, the rural areas 1.71%. This is the period of the country with goods in labor force, also known as the demographic window period, which began in 2003 and may last from 30 to 50 years. This is considered as a big advantage for the industrialization and modernization of the country, if it takes advantage of the superiority Vietnamese on the labor force.3.3 Traffic Conditions And ProblemsHighway systemThe road system consists of over 200,000 km network including over 10,000 bridges. However road conditions are not i deal, less than half of the national highways have two lanes or more. In addition, road congestion is increase in major(ip) cities. In recent years, the Government has mobilized a significantly large amount of capital to upgrade the highway system with financial support from international lending agencies. railroadThe rail network consists of about 2,600 km of singletrack line covering several routes. There are about 260 stations in the network. The eternal and most important route is the Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City line, which stretches for 1,730 km. This line is now serviced by an express train, which makes the journey in approximately 29.5 hours. The lines connecting Vietnam to China were re-opened a few years ago.Inland WaterwaysOften overlooked by foreign investors, the inland waterway system offers a cheap and flexible mode of transport. Vietnam has more than 2,300 rivers and canals with total length of 198.000 km. Currently, the inland waterway has a system of over 61,000 km. T he two major inland waterway systems serve as major transportation outlets. The first major inland waterway system is inthe Red River area in the north which stretches for approximately 2,500 km. Along this system there are five main ports, of which Hanoi is the largest. The second major inland waterway extends 4,500 km along the Mekong River and its tributaries in the South and boasts about 30 ports, including Ho Chi Minh City. The larger river vessels are tug-drawn barges. Official estimates put the fleet capacity at about 420,000 tons with speeds ranging from 2 to over 20 km an hour. Smaller, wooden barges are mostly privately owned.PortsVietnam has eleven major seaports. Ho Chi Minh City serves most of the South and now boasts modern container loading facilities. Just a few hours drive from Hanoi, Hai Phong serves much of the North. Given the rapid rise in trade account book, increasing port capacity is a national priority.Airports and Civil air travelThere are three internati onal airports Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi and Da Nang. Currently, the Government has significantly upgraded international airports to handle the increase in the volume of traffic associated with Vietnams invigorated economy. A new international terminal of the Tan Son Nhat airport in Ho Chi Minh City, capable of handling up to 10 million passengers a year was opened in December 2007. Noi Bai airport in Hanoi was upgraded, enlarged and completed for operation in 2002, construction of a second terminal is expected to start in October 2008 and completed in two years. Four new international airports are planned to be constructed in Phu Quoc, Dong Nai, Lao Cai and Quang Ninh provinces. Preparations for the new Long Thanh International Airport, 40 kilometers from Ho Chi Minh City in Dong Nai province is underway. The airport is scheduled to open in 2010 and by 2015 it will be further expanded to reach an annual transportation capacity of 80 to 100 million passengers, becoming one of the big gest airports in the region. In addition, there are 16 other domestic airports around the country.Culture and SocialVietnam is a country fixed in Southeast Asia, Vietnam is a culturally rich country whose distinct story played a role in the development of the modern day state. Vietnamese practices of Confucianism and showing reverence towards ancestors are evidence of Chinas historical influence on Vietnamesesociety. Vietnam became an independent state in the ordinal century but was colonized by the French in the mid 1800s. Vietnam gained independence in the mid twentieth century but still retains traces of French culture which are visible in the way people communicate verbally and nonverbally. Though Vietnam has struggled over the past century through colonial rule, the Vietnam struggle and recent economic upheavals, it is now rebuilding itself to be able to compete on a global scale. Having a comprehensive understanding of Vietnams erratic cultural values and customs dutys c an allow the company to develop strong and successful business relationships with Vietnamese counterparts.LanguageVietnamese is the official language, although there are distinct northern, central and southern dialects and accents. It is a tonal language, with each syllable there are six different tones that can be used, which change the definition and it a great deal makes it difficult for foreigners to pick up the language. There are other languages spoken as well such as Chinese, Khmer, Cham and other languages spoken by tribes inhabiting the mountainous regions. Although there are some similarities to Southeast Asian languages, such as Chinese, Vietnamese is thought to be a separate language group, although a member of the Austro-Asiatic language family. In written form, Vietnamese uses the Roman alphabet and accent marks to show tones. This system of writing called quoc ngu, was created by Catholic missionaries in the 17th century to translate the scriptures. Eventually this s ystem, particularly by and by World War I, replaced one using Chinese characters (chu nom), which had been the unofficial written form used for centuries.Non-verbal communicationFor certain feelings, Vietnamese people favor non-verbal communication. Vietnamese do not express feeling of thankfulness of apology in verbal communication, but non-verbal through silence or a smile. The proper respectful behavior is to avoid eye contact when talking to person who is not equal experimental condition or of the same gender. The smile is another non-verbal symbol conveying the feeling of respect in Vietnamese culture. It is used as an expression of apology, or as expression of embarrassment. For the Vietnamese a smile is a proper response in most situation in which verbalexpression is not necessary, or appropriate.ConfucianismThe teachings of Confucius influence the Vietnamese describe the position of the individual in Vietnamese society. Confucian teachings emphasize the importance of relat ionships, responsibility and obligation. This philosophy is still a critical component of Vietnamese society and is prevalent in Vietnamese business culture in conserving the harmony of the collective good. The basic tenets are based upon five different relationshipsRuler and subjectHusband and wifeParents and childrenBrothers and sistersFriendsHierarchyAs like other group-oriented societies, Vietnam hierarchical structures are very much based upon age and status. This derives from Confucianism, which emphasizes social order. Everyone is seen as having a distinct place and role within the hierarchical structure, be it the family or workplace. An obvious example is seen in social situations where the oldest person in a group is greeted or served first. Within the family the head would be responsible for making decisions and approving marriages. Therefore companies that want to invest in Vietnam are made sense to give more authority to local managers to control the subordinates. The organization structure can be designed as hierarchical, with power derived from prestige, force, and inheritance. collectivismVietnam is a collectivist society in which the needs of the group are often placed over the individual. Family and community concerns will almost always come before business or individual needs. Family in particular plays an important role in Vietnamese society. You will notice that close ties between extended families and communities can have a major influence on individual behavior and oftentimes there are multiple generations living under one roof. For this reason, the company of the investor can pay more attention to their employees family members for example provide freemedical treatment, childcare leave, family trips, etc. This can increase the employees loyalty to the company. Besides, in order to increase efficiency of Vietnamese employees, the company should assign tasks to them by group rather than individual.ReligionReligion in Vietnam is closely cerebrate to the history of Vietnam and most importantly the culture of Vietnam. The earliest established trusts in Vietnam were Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism (called the triple religion). These religions have been co-existing in the country for centuries and mixed well with the Vietnamese tradition of ancestor worship. This special mix explains why the Vietnamese people find it hard to say exactly which religion the belong to. They usually classify themselves as non-religious, despite visiting religious temples several times every year. At the year 2006, the major religious affiliations amongst Vietnam born people were Buddhism (58.6%), Catholics (22.1%), other (4.6%), and no religion (11.03%). From the data, we were found that Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism have greatly affected the Vietnameses behavior. The foreign investors should take note there are quite a large number of vegetarian in Vietnam, because of the Buddhism religion.Food of VietnameseFood is a very important part of Vietnamese culture. The Vietnamese not only enjoy eating but believe eating good food can bring harmony and closeness to the family and relationships. The types of foods are chosen to bring luck and these vary from province to province. purchasing daily for fresh food is essential for all Vietnamese cooking. In general, Vietnamese people are not as concerned about edible as Westerner. They are more concerned with the quality of the foods.Concepts of TimeLike most Asians, the Vietnamese have a more extended concept of time than that of most Americans. The agrarian constitution of their traditional society focuses on seasons rather than days or weeks. And this tradition is reinforced by the Confucian tradition of respect for earlier generations. Americans measure time by the clock, Vietnamese by the monsoon. Although this is changing somewhat, Vietnamese can still be expected to take a thirster view of time and be suspicious of the need for urgency in making dec isionsor culminating a business deal. Patience remains the ultimate Confucian virtue in personal life as well as in business.Personal RelationshipsIn Vietnam, propriety and courtesy play a major role in personal relationships. Vietnamese are generally more interpersonally formal than are Americans. This formality decreases the uncertainty surrounding interpersonal contacts in Vietnamese society and is carried over into the business realm for the same reasons. During initial meetings with Vietnamese officials, you can expect little real business to be accomplished. The Vietnamese will concentrate on getting to know youyour background, your expertise, your character. In their high-context communication culture, they will depend heavily on non-verbal clues to assess meaning. By becoming acquainted and establishing a personal relationship with you, they are merely trying to understand you better. Vietnamese society is comprised of an interconnected network of personal relationships, all of which carry obligations on both sides. These mutual obligations are the underpinnings of social order in Vietnam, so they are taken very seriously. Americans need to understand and be sensitive to the serious nature of what may seem to them to be casual business relations. Failure to do so could easily result in a loss of trust or credibility, with obvious implications for longer-term relationships.4. TechnologyIn terms of technology, Viet Nam is a rapidly developing country. The year 2011 was the beginning of the strategic plan of economic and social development, period 2011-2020, in which infrastructural building is considered as one of main targets. With this plan, the country has been building many expressways and will let the local transport network be eventually upgraded to meet the requirements of rural industrialization and modernization, and connect itself with the national system. In addition, the above plan also includes a project which will work to narrow its scienti fic and proficient gap with the world in some key stadiums by 2020. To launch this project, the Government will give top priority to enhancing the competence of scientists and related managers while encouraging the organization of training courses partnered with foreign competent partners.According to the project, the Government will focus on scientific and technological renovation to guide the competitive edge of local products and assisting businesses to purchase patents in some prioritized areas biotechnology, information technology, new materials technology Nano technology , manufacturing technology and automation.5. LegislationThe communist party-controlled government of Vietnam has govern under four state constitutions. The first was promulgated in 1946, the second in 1959, the third in 1980, and the current in 1992 (amended in 2001). Significantly, each tire the mark of its time. On paper, all these constitutions seem to establish a solid democracy. In fact, the purpose of the 1946 constitution was essentially to provide the communist regime with freedom of speech, the press, and assembly. The second constitution was explicitly communist in character. Its preamble described the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a peoples democratic state led by the working class, and the document provided for a nominal separation of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The 1980 Constitution concentrates power in a newly established Council of State much like the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, endowing it nominally with both legislative and executive powers. Many functions of the legislature remain the same as under the 1959 document, but others have been transferred to the executive branch or assigned to both branches concurrently. The executive branch appears strengthened overall, having gained a second major executive body, the Council of State, and the importance of the National Assembly appears to have been reduced accordi ngly. The role of the Council of Ministers, while appearing on paper to have been subordinated to the new Council of State, in practice retained its former primacy.Having transmittable the previous constitutions with substantial and basic changes, on the one hand, the 1992 Constitution continues reaffirming the basic principles in the constitutional history of Vietnam. First, it reiterates the target of socialist construction in Vietnam and the touristed nature of the State. Second, the 1992 Constitution continues affirming the Communist Party of Vietnams leadership over the State and the society.Third, it continues affirming the mechanism of State powers performed by the people through the National Assembly and the Peoples Councils, the organization and operation of the State under the principle of concentrated powers the concentration of State powers uniformly into the National Assembly with the division of responsibility among State bodies for the exercise of the legislative po wer, executive power and judicial power. On the other hand, the 1992 Constitution sees big changes Vietnam decided to take economic renewal as the central task, First, building the multi-sector and multi-ownership market economy along the socialist orientation. open-door policy and international economic integration. In reality, however, final authority on all matters rest with the Political Bureau especially, the guarantees provided by the constitutions for freedom of speech, the press, and assembly has been never intended to be carried out. The constitutions eventually show its limitations since Vietnam has joined the stream of globalization, especially in the field of human rights and land-ownership law.In a report made public at the Conference on the Rule of law for human rights in the ASEAN region held by the Human Rights Resource Centre for ASEAN (HRRCA) in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 April 2011, Mr. Vo Van Ai, President of Que Me Action for Democracy in Vietnam and the Vietnam C ommittee for Human Rights called on Vietnam to urgently reform its legal system and bring domestic legislation into line with international human rights laws. Mr. Vo Van Ai declared 36 years after the end of the Vietnam War, the rule of law exists only in theory in Vietnam. The government has incorporated human rights into its 1992 Constitution. Yet it has also adopted a whole arsenal of Laws, Decrees, Ordinances and Decisions which restrict or even nullify the exercise of these rights, in total violation of the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) to which Vietnam adhered in 1982. At the beginning of the New Year 2012 (Jan 1, 2012), there happened The Tien Lang land withdrawal case in Tien Lang district (on the outskirts of Haiphong, a port city east of Hanoi) a fish farmer, Doan Van Vuong, and his family had resisted a large force moving in to enforce an eviction order. With an improvised mine and muskets bought on the subdued market, theyd wounded two soldiers and four policemen, including the local police chief. PrimeMinister Nguyen Tan Dung himself had to meet the Haiphong City authorities to resolve the case and finally came to the conclusion on Feb 2 that the Haiphong government was absolutely wrong in the case and he ordered the Haiphong City authorities to review their wrong works as and reclaim the situation.This case is just one among so many cases that show matters association with the land law. And this shocked case has raised the question of reforming the land law, which has been ambiguously claimed by the constitution as land is possessed by the whole people. Mr. Dang Hung Vo, former Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, comments that its possible to see the recent incident at Tien Lang as a climactic demonstration of the faults in our Land Law and how it is implemented at the local level. A good farmer, pure, wide and hardworking, whos driven to defend his right to his land with home-made weapons what misery Ev erybody believes that theres such a thing as justice and that the law ensures it. Certainly thats what the farmers who built the fish ponds at Tien Lang believed. They went to the court expecting fair play, but the simple truths they understood proved elusive. The hopelessness of their situation drove them to take expansive measures. As mentioned above, the 11th Congress of Vietnam Communist Party held in 2011 issued four degrees and one of them is beginning the study of the amendments and supplements of the 1992 Constitution and establishing the revised draft of the 1992 Constitution. This is urgent and necessary for the development of the country.6. EnvironmentViet Nam is blessed by the nature, with a great ecological and hydrological diversity. The country is made up of equatorial lowlands, high, temperate plateaus and cooler mountainous areas. It lies in the inter-tropical zone and local conditions vary from frosty winters in the far northern hills to the year-round subequatori al warmth of the Mekong Delta. At sea level, the mean annual temperature is about 27C in the south, falling to about 21C in the far north. Geographically, it stretches over 1600km (1000mi) along the eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula and has two main obliging areas, that are the Red River Delta (15,000 sq km/5400 sq mi) in the northand the Mekong Delta (60,000 sq km/23,400 sq mi) in the south. Vietnam also has diverse wildlife, with rare and precious fauna such as elephants, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, black bear, snub-nosed monkey, crocodile and turtle. Forest area accounts for 2% of total forests in East Asia and Pacific. Fish catch is among the 10 highest countries in the world, with 1,451,800 tons per year.However, as the report of the World Bank on the environment in Viet Nam, Rapid economic growth in Vietnam over the last ten years, and its associated industrialization, urbanization, as well as increased exploitation of subjective resources, has created significant p ressures for the environment.35 For example, the diverse wildlife is in precipitous decline because of the destruction of habitats, illegal hunting and pollution. In fact, Viet Nam Rhino was officially dead in 2011.One of the most obvious examples for illustrating the environmental pollution is the phenomenon of getting narrowed of the lakes in Ha Noi. According to the Hanoi Construction Department, there are 111 ponds and lakes in Hanoi which cover a total area of 1165 hectares. The total area of lakes has decreased sharply during the urbanization, while a lot of them have disappeared. It is estimated that 80% of the lakesides have got polluted, 71% of lakes have suffered from pollution, 26% of the lakes still do not have embankments, while 8% of lakes have partial embankments. Environmentalists have called on to take urgent actions to protect the remaining lakes, or they would also disappear one day. Vietnam is among the countries that can be seriously affected by climate change. And the fact shows that the increasing deterioration of environmental conditions is emerging as a barrier to growth and development in recent years. In fact, according to the General Statistics Office, domestic natural disasters occurred in 2011 has made 257 people dead and missing, 267 wounded nearly 1.2 thousand houses collapsed and swept away 391.8 thousand houses were submerged or damaged more than 760 km of dykes, and the 680 km road motorized traffic bursts, landslides 867 power poles broken or poured nearly 54,000 hectares of rice and vegetables has been lost more than 330,000 hectares of rice crops were flooded or damaged. ingrained value ofdamage caused by natural disasters in 2011 was estimated at over 10 trillion VND. Thus, this is really a big challenge of the country and it needs a national and urgent action to prevent an ecological and hydrological catastrophe.C. BRIEF CONCLUSIONWith the aforementioned analysis of P.E.S.T.L.E, we see that in 2011, on the one hand, Vi et Nam evermore attempted to keep its strategic plan of development, and also has obtained some important goals on the other hand, the country had to face many difficulties and challenges which came both from outside and from inside.In my opinion, there are some main issues that the government should pay great attention in the coming years reforming the education system, fighting against corruption (especially, promoting fiscal transparency and the public availability of economic data and information), reforming the state-owned sectors, amending laws, narrowing the gap between the Kinh, the Hoa and the ethnic minority groups, and improving environmental conditions.

Interpersonal Communication Through URT Essay

Everyday we encounter muckle unk flatn to us. There are times when we are exclusively no interested in meeting and introducing ourselves to them. In certain situations we are forced or are voluntarily placing ourselves within there area of consciousness, same(p) in a class or in our office, we disclose information about ourselves in order for a complacent relationship to transpire. This new tie will either grow or dissipate based on the disclosed information. Researchers say that interpersonal communication occurs alone between two mass who have known each other for quite some time (Borchers).This can be attributed to the contextual factors, such as psychological, relational and cultural, present in interpersonal discourses. The attainment of these factors signify that the two people conversing already know well of each other (King, 2000). At first, when we are asked by our late seatmate at first day of school who our professor is, or when we ask our office secretary who to ca ll to fix a down network system, the interaction that occurs implies only an impersonal exchange between two people who ask for information because of external needs and is most likely to end that same moment.When you answer the higher up questions with hes the head of the department, we live in the same neighborhood or i know a little on systems troubleshooting but it isnt my job, ill call one immediately, the interaction introduces information related to the speaker and are affective to the receiver. This exchange becomes personal and may give way to a more gratifying relationship through following disclosures. These disclosures in turn reduces uncertainty, a considerably large blockage to a desirable relationship.Berger and Calabrese uncertainty lessening possible action in 1975 presents steps on how we can achieve a fully ineractive personal relationship with other people. This theory explains why people hightail it to be information seekers and reduce the unpleasant effects of uncertainty in an introductory conversation and in the whole attainment of a relationship (Oregon farming University). The theory discusses three stages of disclosure in interpersonal development. These stages are entry, personal, and exit (University of Twente). The interaction given preceding(prenominal) can be considered within the entry stage.By giving information on where you live or what your skills are(demographic), the receiver obtains also some point of conformity or agreement that sparks an interest for a relationship. ultimately we reveal our values, attitudes, and beliefs and we are taken now taken to the personal stage of disclosure. These somewhat deeper information suggest the existence of a relationship between two people. The exit stage relates to discourses on the divided values, beliefs, and attitudes which lead to actions or decisions where both interests are unified.Since interpersonal communication is based on two interrelated peoples discourses, this n ot specified only on verbal exchange, uncertainty reduction theory is an effective tool in determining interpersonal relationships and communications. By focusing on the information exchanged by two individuals we can predict the stage of their relationship whether on entry, personal, or exit stage. Certainly, the information shared will not be as substantial in terms of personal relevance necessary for the attainment of interpersonal communication.Given the difficulty of initiating affaire and conversation aimed at establishing a relationship, we are most likely to shy away and be frightened. If this happens, proceeding conversations are terminated. One basic method in squeezing out information from another person is to reveal your own personal information. Self-disclosure gives way to information not normally revealed through ordinary conversations. It requires an orifice to know and be known. Also, it is a way to know how the other people react and determine the topics under t heir interests.Furthermore, the voluntarily disclosure of personal information gives an revenue stamp of the willingness of a person in entering a relationship. In uncertainty reduction theory, self disclousre acts as the most effective way in removing the barriers of suspiciousness and non-complacency. By analyzing the information you reveal, one notices your values, beliefs, and emotional and moral tendecies accompanying your disclosures. These are considered to be a pattern for compatibility looked after by uncertain people.The situation above is common to almost everyone, given that the educated still dominate in number those who havent been to school or had work. I have experienced introducing myself to someone I am interested to. Most of the time I am replied with suspicion and mistrust which make me feel in need of proving myself. By self-disclosure I get their attention and know further what interests them and on fortunate times they react with personal disclosures too. Ev entually the barrier of uncertainty dissipates and we are now getting ready for a more personal relationship.By reducing uncertainty we increase trust, thus more information is exchanged. Uncertainty reduction theory explains the systematic yet unsure disclosures toward interpersonal communication. Through complete understanding of the three concepts, uncertainty reduction, disclosure, and interpersonal communication, we can attain desirable relationships that can live time itself.ReferencesUncertainty Reduction Theory. 2006. Oregon State University. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http//oregonstate. edu/instruct/theory/ur.html King, Donnell. (2000). Four Principles of interpersonal Communication. Pellissippi State Technical Community College. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http//www. pstcc. edu/ facstaff/dking/interpr. htm Borchers, Tim. (1999) Interpersonal Communication. Allyn & Bacon. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http//www. abacon. com/commstudies/interpersonal/interpersonal. html Uncertainty Redu ction Theory. 2004. University of Twente. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http//www. tcw. utwente. nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Interpersonal

A Critical Analysis of Homi K. Bhabha’s “How Newness Enters The World” Essay

The Indian theorist Homi K. Bhabha shifted the limelight from the binary1 of the colonizer and the colonized to the liminal spaces in-between in the domain of Postcolonial studies. In Difference, Discrimination, and the Discourse of Colonialism, he stated, There is always, in Said, the suggestion that colonial power is possessed entirely by the colonizer which is a historical and theoretical simplification (200). He asserted that colonization is not just a sure body of cognition (Saids manifest Orientalism) but also the unconscious positivity of fantasy and swear (Bhabhas latent Orientalism) (Young, White Mythologies 181).Bhabha used that vantage point of liminal spaces to break down the phenomenon of cultural supplanting in his experiment How Newness Enters the public which was published in a collection of essays titled under The Location of refinement (1994). The liminal z unmatchable that the postcolonial immigrant occupies is the guiding question of this essay. Bhabha ex plains I used architecture liter eachy as a reference, apply the attic, the boiler way, and the stairwell to make associations between certain binary divisions such as higher and lower. The stairwell became a liminal space, a pathway between the upper and lower areas. (3-4)In How Newness Bhabha machinates this framework to critique Fredric Jamesons Postmodernism Or, The cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. He argues that the category of Postmodern assumes a neat categorization of subject positions, which leaves no room for subjects to exist in the liminal space. He asserts, For Jameson, the porta of becoming historical demands a containment of this disjunctive tender time. (217)Bhabha elaborates upon the concept of liminal space with the help of the idea of blasphemy, as it comes out in Salman Rushdies Satanic Verses andunderlines the contest of the Rushdie Affair2. Bhabha says, Blasphemy is not merely a misrepresentation of the sacred by the secular it is a twinkling when the subject-matter or the content of cultural tradition is being overwhelmed, or alienated, in the act of translation. (225) In essence, Bhabha is line that the very act of inhabiting the liminal space whether by Rushdie or his characters is blasphemy.However, it is necessary to consider that critics like Timothy Brennan consume that Rushdie is not abroad at all. Politically and professionally he is at home.(Wars 65) Brennan adds that Rushdies knowledge of Islam is extra to some childhood experiences and a course that he did at Cambridge University. If we look at Rushdie from this perspective, then Rushdie would resign to inhabit what Bhabha calls the liminal space between two cultures and instead belong to and speak for the imperial west.Nevertheless, apart from Rushdies fiction, Bhabha employs variant natural(prenominal) kinds of evidence to support his theoretical stand in this essay. The first of which is the epigraph3 from Walter Benjamins On Language as Such in this essa y Benjamin suggests that translation is the origin of all knowledge The language of things can pass into language of knowledge and name only through translation (70-71). It is the gap between the original and the translated text that Bhabha terms as the liminal space.To illustrate this use of translation in cultural terms Bhabha cites Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness. He argues that Marlows lie to the intended (about her fiances remainder words) is an example of cultural translation where Marlow does not merely repress the truth as much as he enacts a poetics of translation. (212). Marlow inhabits the in-between space of the colony and the western metropolis, where nothing crosses from 1 to the other in its original form, without a certain degree of cultural translation.This essay is organized in three sections New human beings Borders, Foreign Relations and Community Matters. However, it is strung together by the vernacular idea of liminality. The first section draws a parall el between Marlows lie and Jamesons opening of the postmodern, which Bhabha calls his theme park. Both of these, according to Bhabhas framework, are attempts to keep the conversation of humankind leaving and to preserve the neo-pragmatic universe. (212) Bhabha elucidates his blame of Jameson by re-visiting the poem mainland China, which Jameson had earlier commented upon in his book4. He contests Jameson for not appropriating the newness of China but translating it back into certain familiar terms. He destabilizes Jamesons periodization and claims that communities cannot be explained in pre-modernist terms, the history of communities parallels the history of modernity.In the next section, Bhabha scrutinises Jamesons postmodern city through the subject position of migrants and minorities. He challenges the greatness prone to class relations in the Marxist discourse by shifting the focus to minority groups. It is important to note that minority is a not just a matter of quantit y, but as Deleuze and Guattari point out in Kafka Toward a Minor Literature, it is a matter of subject position.The last section poses the last challenge to Jameson, as Bhabha pitches communities directly against class, using Partha Chatterjees A Response as evidence. Bhabha comments, Community disturbs the grand globalizing narrative of capital, displaces the emphasis on production in class collectivity (230). In other words, minority subject position of belonging to a community punctures the larger Marxist narrative of class-consciousness he calls community the antagonist supplement of modernity.Bhabha concludes the essay by proposing an alternative perspective through Derek Walcotts poems. Bhabha draws a bridge5 between the central concerns of naming in Walcotts poem (Names) and the central idea of his essay by asserting that the right to signify, the right to naming, is itself an act of cultural translation. (234). He suggests a breakthrough in the form of the spaces that lie be tween above and below and heaven and hell. He argues that the only possibility of an agency that enables one to posses something anew lies in the in-between spaces the liminal spaces.Concepts, such as liminality are indispensible in immediatelys ever-globalising context but many other theorists have criticized his theoretical model on various grounds. The Indian Marxist critic Aijaz Ahmad says that Bhabha uses a a theoretical melange which randomly invokes Levi-Strauss in one phrase, Foucault in another, Lacan in yet another. (68), he asserts that in such a framework theory itself becomes a marketplace of ideas. (70). Viewed from a Marxist standpoint, Bhabhas theories may seem as if they leave no room for resistance and action, Ahmad claims that Bhabha is irrelevant for a majority of the population that has been denied access to such benefits of modernity (69), and that Bhabha cuts access to come along as well as a sense of a long past.Ahmeds criticism can be taken a step furthe r to conduct a theoretical study of the effectiveness of Bhabhas arguments. In Nation and Narration Bhabha announced that his intention was to engage the insights of poststructuralist theories of narrative knowledge in order to evoke this ambivalent margin of the nation-space. (4) Catherine Belsey in Poststructuralism explains that the simple inference of poststructuralism is that language is derived function and not referential in nature. (9) Taking from Saussures theory on language, it studies language synchronically where the shape is not referentially tied to the signified. On the other hand, it is evident from Benjamins essays6 that he views language as a diachronic system where it represents the medium in which objects meet and enter into relationship with each other, no longer directly, as once in the mind of the augur or priest, but in their essences (68). In other words, Benjamins theory of language is referential, where the word has or once had a direct connection with the thing it represents.These two models of language seem like blocks from different puzzles, which do not rightfully fit with one another. This poses a serious challenge to the effectiveness of Bhabhas theoretical groundwork, as he does not address this rift between the two models and employs them simultaneously.However, we cannot discount Bhabhas breakthrough on this ground, as histheories are essential to make sense of the postcolonial condition of immigrants and diasporic Literature, especially in the ever-globalizing world that we inhabit. He has given an indispensible insight into the possibilities that lie in these liminal spaces.Works CitedAhmad, Aijaz. In theory Classes, nations, literatures. capital of the United Kingdom Verso, 1994. Belsey, Catherine. Poststructuralism A very in brief introduction. New York Oxford University Press, 2002. Benjamin, Walter, and Knut Tarnowski. Doctrine of the Similar (1933). New German Critique 17 1979 65-69 . On Language as Such and on t he Language of Man. Walter Benjamin selected writings 1 1996 62-74 Bhabha, Homi K. (1983a), Difference, Discrimination, and the Discourse of Colonialism The Politics of Theory. Ed. Francis Barker et al. Colchester University of Essex. . How Newness Enters the World Postmodern Space, Postcolonial Times and the Trials of Cultural Translation. The Location of Culture. London Routledge, 2004. 212-235. . Nation and narration. New York Routledge, 1990.. The Location of Culture. 1994. With a new preface by the author. London Routledge, 2004. Brennan, Timothy. Wars of position The cultural politics of left and right. New York Columbia University Press, 2006. Chatterjee, Partha. A Response to Taylors Modes of Civil Society. Public Culture 3.1 1990 119-132. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness and Other Tales. Oxford Worlds Classics, 1990. Deleuze, Gilles. Kafka Toward a Minor Literature. Theory and History of Literature. Vol. 30. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 1986. Jameson, Fredric . Postmodernism, Or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. shorthorn Duke University Press, 1991. Rushdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. 1988. London Vintage, 1998. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York Vintage 1979.Walcott, Derek. Collected Poems, 1948-1984. London Faber and Faber Limited, 1992. Young, Robert. White Mythologies History Writing and the West. London and New YorkRoutledge (1991).