The Priming Of Attachment Style And The Effects On...

Attachment Style and Relationship Satisfaction: The Priming of Attachment Style and the Effects on Romantic Relationship Satisfaction Milynn C. Scheer Point Loma Nazarene University Introduction Our earliest relationships in life can be deeply formative in shaping our development. Created by John Bowlby, attachment theory relates the importance of attachment in regards to personal development. According to Bowlby, attachment is the leading factor in our ability to form and maintain relationships as adults (Levy 2012, pg. 157). As human beings, we need to feel as if we belong (Cherry, 2016). We find this belongingness in our relationships and attachments. However, we differ in our ability to form such relationships. Some people may find creating relationships with people to be a fairly simple while others find relationships to be difficult or even anxiety producing. Though we each feel a need to belong, we differ in this ability. Some people struggle in relationships and other find anything relating to relationships to be simple. These differences in how we maintain and create relationships may be due to our early life experiences. Research on attachment theory suggests that our early-life relationships may be responsible, at least in part, for these differences in adult relationships (Fraley, 2010). Data proves that these different attachment styles have different effects on how an individual deals with relationships. Previous research has dialed in on differentShow MoreRelatedRelationship Satisfaction Is An Important Part Of Romantic Relationships1295 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship satisfaction is an important part of romantic relationships. A lack of satisfaction can lead to consequences in other areas of life and eventually, the destruction of the relationship. For example, job performance is heavily influenced by romantic relationship satisfaction. In a study by Greenhaus and Beutell (1985), they argued that poor satisfaction leads to poor job performance and vice versa. They stated this was to because these two spheres are â€Å"interdependent.† Satisfaction canRead MoreThe Effects Of Personal Attachment Style On Romantic Relationship S atisfaction1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Personal Attachment Style on Romantic Relationship Satisfaction Our earliest relationships in life can be deeply formative in shaping our development. Created by John Bowlby, attachment theory relates the importance of attachment in regards to personal development. According to Bowlby, attachment is the leading factor in our ability to form and maintain relationships as adults (Levy 2012, pg. 157). As human beings, we need to feel as if we belong (Cherry, 2016). We find this belongingnessRead MoreFalse Confessions : Fear Of Being Alone And Social Susceptibility5526 Words   |  23 Pagesinterpersonal interaction then a contrived computer crash will be an excuse to attempt to elicit a false confession with standard interrogation tactics. Those with traits of anxiety attachment or who have been excluded may be most likely to confess. Keywords: Neglect, confessions, false confessions, attachment styles, coercion. False Confessions: Fear of Being Alone and Social Susceptibility False confessions represent a majority of the reasons for exonerations and pardons (National Registry of

Similarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates - 1534 Words

Keller Loftus Government 241: Political Philosophy Professor Ives October 13, 2017 The morality which guided Socrates were an end all, be all for him. He did not wish to live without his search for truth. Socrates would see a Machiavellian Prince as self-centered, and void of morals. A Machiavellian prince would not appreciate the way Socrates carried himself and would see him as a challenge to his authority. Socrates would not support a Machiavellian society because most likely he would not be free to philosophize as he wished to and would not approve of the methods used by the prince. The discussion that follows is of the ideals of Machiavelli and Socrates and how they differ. And in the heart of this matter is the fact that the goals of†¦show more content†¦For the prince, however, the broader goals were unity and stability in the long term. In Machiavelli’s time Italy was at a turning point between fragmentation and unity and he wanted to see the latter option succeed. Power for the prince and that power maintenance is what characterizes Machiav elli’s advice within â€Å"The Prince†. And from this advice includes that a prince should do anything and everything within his power to secure his authority for the future. Socrates as described by Plato, stands in a stark contrast to Machiavelli. While Machiavelli tried to build a model for effective rule Socrates lived in search of the truth and morality. For Socrates an ideal government would be one with ultimate truth at the center, or perhaps his notion of truth at the center. An ideal prince for Socrates would be one who thought or sought truth like Socrates did. This outgrowth of selfishness, to spend time and live among people who think and act like oneself, is natural and especially relevant to those who understand themselves to be wise. The downfall of Socrates could be likened to that of an arrogant middle school boy caught in an argument with his parents. This boy, who albeit has wit, lacks an understanding of authority and this is the underlying cause of Socrates’ trial and execution. Socrates refused to â€Å"get with the program† of ancient day Athens. Reasonably so, Socrates would want someone who would tolerate in his phil osophizing and support his search of the truth.Show MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1197 Words   |  5 Pages Socrates and Machiavelli both grew up in times of political instability which formed and shaped their political beliefs. Machiavelli primarily discussed his view of how a leader should behave in the book: The Prince. A prince is an individual who is the leader of a state or group of people. Machiavelli’s version of a prince is very accurate but, Socrates would not support Machiavelli’s version of a prince. Machiavelli believed a prince must be domineering and aggressive, while Socrates viewedRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1905 Words   |  8 PagesEssay 1 While Socrates and Machiavelli lived over 1900 years apart, the dilemmas their societies faced draw many parallels. In Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†, he demonstrates a wide-ranging set of rules and principles to be followed by a leader to ensure the steady maintenance of authority and stability in a state or principality. Not only would Socrates be opposed to many of the espoused views in â€Å"The Prince† on what creates a successful ruler, thereby society, but had he lived in Machiavelli’s â€Å"ideal†Read MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1084 Words   |  5 Pagesamong them were Socrates and Machiavelli, whose ideas regarding violence and its ideal usage to us inspired countless other prominent figures after their respective times. Socrates believed humans are imperfect and fallible, and should therefore avoid using violence. Machiavelli on the on the other hand considered violence a useful tool in achieving one’s goals . Considering both thinkers’ impacts on history, a question arises: whose concept of violence is more corrupting, Socrates’ or Machiavelli’sRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1250 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates are two of the most influential figures in modern day political philosophy. These two individuals established the bases for our interpretation of the world and human political interaction. While they were separated by centuries and a significant geographic distance, it is fascinating nonetheless to ponder what they would think of each other. Sadly it is impossible to ask themselves and so we must instead turn to their writings in order to glean an idea of what their opinionsRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1649 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates and Machiavelli both existed during times of political unrest. Both men sought different means of political leadership, and could be seen as activists of their t imes. During times of war and unrest, it was a bold choice that both men made to stand up for their beliefs and speak out against the system. However, Socrates wouldn’t have agreed with Machiavelli’s means and concepts of the Prince and his ideas for how a political establishment should function. Machiavelli’s means may have beenRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1544 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates agree on very little. While an initial reading of the two may elicit some comparisons, the goals of their respective philosophies rely on different foundations, and would therefore culminate in very different political results for society. Socrates would likely see in the Prince a selfish ruler, while Machiavelli would see in Socrates a dangerous idealist whose ideas would lead to instability and the death of the state in which these ideas were implemented. Machiavelli’sRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1803 Words   |  8 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates were beings of their time. The world around them shaped their views, and their views have in turn shaped ours. While both lived through turbulent times, they do not share the same ideology. Socrates would dislike Machiavelli’s description of the ideal princ e, regardless of how the prince actually ruled. Socrates would oppose both how the prince got to power and keeps it, as well as the society over which he rules. Socrates assigned certain responsibilities to both the rulerRead MoreSimilarities Of Socrates And Machiavelli1669 Words   |  7 PagesBoth Socrates and Machiavelli emerged as renowned thinkers of their time because of their approaches to government that moved away from idealism and towards a rational and real approach. To understand why Socrates would be critical of Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince we must understand the similarities and differences between the two philosophers, and then analyze if Socrates would find his ruling system to be efficient. Socrates and Machiavelli value the qualities of a strong and fair ruler, howeverRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1579 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates both lived during turbulent, political times. Machiavelli in Florence, Italy and Socrates in Athens. Machiavelli’s The Prince outlines the necessary features and traits of a sovereign, primarily, a Prince. It served as a handbook to effective rulership in the 16th century. By analyzing Machiavelli’s belief that a prince should be strategically feared, the role of free will , and the role of the people , I will argue that Machiavelli hasRead MoreThe Ideas Of Machiavelli And Socrates1988 Words   |  8 PagesThe ideas of Machiavelli and Socrates have influenced the leadership styles and approaches of leaders around the world. From Stalin to the founding fathers of the United States, Machiavellian influenced motives and ideals can be seen throughout modern history. Socrates is often referred to as the founder of Western philosophy, and his teachings have been passed on to leaders over the centuries. This paper will state both the Machiavel li’s concept of a ‘Prince’, and present Socrates’ perspective on

Hiding Behind A Computer (1345 words) Essay Example For Students

Hiding Behind A Computer (1345 words) Essay Hiding behind a ComputerAre computers and the Internet redefining human identity as people explore the boundaries of their personalities, adopt multiple selves, and form online relationships that can be more intense than real ones? Is the World Wide Web redefining our sense of community and where we find our peers? The answer is simple. An individual should not use a false identity to produce a life on the Internet. They should also avoid using an online life to influence their identity in real life. Gender swapping is one way which the Internet has the ability to change ones identity. There have been many cases where someone has logged onto the Internet, and they have presented their identity as the opposite sex from what they really are. There is no way of knowing what sex someone is when he or she is logged in. The net is made up of hundreds of thousands of separate communities, each with its own special character. It is difficult to eliminate a certain sex from a specific community when people have the power to disguise themselves. Communication in cyberspace lets people explore their personalities by creating new on-line personae. This seems to be the main concern for frequent Internet users. A significant observation is the amount of men that will log on as women. Jodi Obrien put it best when she states, Many men say that a common motivation for logging on as a female is because they are fascinated by the unusual amount of attention they receive from other men when they are perceived as women (http://www.echonyc.com/~women/Issue17/art-obrien.html). The one major concern that comes to mind is cyber-rape. It is apparent what kind of effect this has on people when Amy Bruckman, a doctoral student in the MIT Media Laboratory, states, Unwanted attention and sexual advances create an uncomfortable atmosphere for women in MUDs, just as they do in real life (Bruckman, 101). A MUD is defined as a multi-user dungeon or a multi-user Domain. It is a text-based multi-user virtual-reality environment. This is one of many virtual communities which users can enter. When a person first logs onto a MUD, he or she creates a characters name and gender, and writes a description of what the character looks like. It is possible for a character to be male or female, regardless of the gender of the player (100). For instance, several players have observed that MUDs complaints of harassment are routinely dismissed with the logic that this is a fantasy space so anything goes. This displays how easy it is to perform cyber-rape on an individual. An interes ting point is made by Jodi OBrien in her article when she says, Although the prevalence of gender switching online is not readily knowable, it is the case that gender policing is considerable. The tactic agreement seems to be that crossing is acceptable-after all, this is a space in which one is supposed to experiment-but the motives for crossing must not involve an intent to deceive. Women who cross as men in order to avoid harassment or dismissal are just being reasonable (http://www.echonyc.com/~women/ Issue17/art-obrien.html). In another argument, one could say an individual provokes the cause of sexual harassment on the Internet. Our romantic energy is carried by standard electronic impulses across wires we will never see. With fantasy aside, just how elastic is the institution of gender? How likely is it that cyberspace will be a site for complicating the customary gender dichotomy? How likely is it that we can interact without differentiating characteristics to provide a guid e for whom to be and how to act? What is reality where ones emotions, future plans, and recipes for interaction are concerned? Much of the current hype about cyberspace implies that the body is a barrier to experiencing a wider range of interactions. .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .postImageUrl , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:hover , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:visited , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:active { border:0!important; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:active , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physician-assisted Suicide Essay ThesisGender is one of the first means by which persons introduce and represent themselves to others in electronic communications. For instance, one of the most frequently asked questions on bulletin board systems is are you male or female? Individuals who evade this question are not considered to be creative mavericks; they are assumed to be hiding something. If someone persists in maintaining a gender-neutral position, others online will inquire of one another about what the persons gender really is and why he/she is reluctant to reveal it. The failure to reveal gender is viewed with suspicion. These questions underscore rather than erase the significance of gender. Additionally, on almost any system, the Systems Operator requires a real name, address, and phone number. For many chat lines, where presumably individuals intend to cruise for friends and possible romance, users are required to specify sex and sexual orientation. These designations, which appear as biographical information available to other users, can not be changed without going through the Systems Operator. There are also reports that for some spaces the Systems Operator attempts to verify aspects of user-identity, particularly gender, by making unannounced phone calls to the persons home and/or checking credit card information. I do not have enough information to verify the veracity of these claims, but it does seem reasonable to conclude that gender, conventional binary gender, is being transported into online interactions as a significant, perhaps the significant, feature of identity. There is not a lot of support on the existence of conversation of reality being used on the Internet. Amy Bruckman uses this statement for support, However, in some communities such as those based on the Dragonriders of Pern, series of books by Anne McCaffrey, talking about real life is taboo (101). The Internet is abused quite a bit. People will use the net to meet acquaintances, friends, and even significant others. With the various forms of sexuality in the world, it explains the various chat rooms and virtual cities that can be found on the net. It is unexplained why one doesnt obtain their true identity if what they are really interested in could be benefited from the truth. In an article by Paul Judge, a sociologist mentions, She believes computers provide people with the means to explore the boundaries of self by shifting from one persona to another, even when they jump from writing a memo in one window to joining an online chat in another: Different roles are required for eac h task (Judge, 99). She also states people interact through personae they have created, and they navigate through virtual cities. I suppose there are other reasons to support the usefulness of the Internet. The certain functions dont always relate to psychological matter. People do use it in a reasonable fashion, yet they should try to avoid the hiding of their identity. The identity crisis could come to and end with proper identification of oneself on the Internet. Anonymity policy, admissions requirements, and advertising strategy all contribute to a virtual communitys character. Without such methods of distinguishing one online hangout from another, all would tend to sink the least common denominator of discourse-the equivalent of every restaurant in a town degenerating into a dive (http://www.techreview.com/articles/jan96/Bruckman.html). There needs to be better techniques with helping members of communities develop shared expectations about the nature of the community, and to communicate those expectations to potential new members. For many Internet users, the desirability of erasing gender as a form for organizing interaction is based on the premise that gender is a hierarchical form of differentiation. This will make it easier for people to find the community that suits them. With the result of a true identity, random users will be influenced by their interested findings on the net, and they will not have to rely on their online life to provide them with a false persona. Lets divide the online life and the real life into two. The life we live on the Internet can stay with the Internet, and the life we live while away from the computer can remain in the real world.

Integrating Technology Into an Elementary Classroom an Example of the Topic School by

Integrating Technology Into an Elementary Classroom by Expert Prolific writer | 21 Dec 2016 Technology in the past was mostly used in industrial fields but today it has infiltrated almost all aspects of life for example schools, churches, hospitals, business name it. Technology is good because it makes work easier; it enhances performance and output, encourages independence as well as increase accuracy. (Goodman, 2002). This is in reference to the general application of various technologies in the different institutions aforementioned. However, what are the differences felt in elementary school today as a result of use of technology? What was it like in the past? This paper sets out to answer these questions in details and with particular focus to pre-k to forth grade of elementary school. Need essay sample on "Integrating Technology Into an Elementary Classroom" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Introduction. Arguably, technology has become a very important part of our daily life in school. The constant improvement to information technology and computers has meant that schools can nowadays purchase them and use them to educate children in a sharply contracting manner than was use in years gone by. Previously, before the advent of computer technology in schools, the educators used hard copy books, dusty chalkboards and other teaching learning resources and materials that were quite cumbersome and hectic to use. A typical classroom in the past was characterized by bored and disinterested students who could not wait for the bell to go and leave the class. The elementary teachers also had a hard time sustaining the attention of the pupils or eliciting their interest in exploring the learning materials at their disposal so as to generate their own knowledge. (Provenzo, Brett s attention fro an invariably longer time. Another thing about use of computer technology in elementary classroom is that is exposes the children early to technology hence increases their confidence. Notably, the society is becoming more and more dependant on technology and this means that the subsequent generations must be fast oriented to technology as early as elementary. The use of technology ingrains in the elementary school pupils an aspect of informed attitude to embracing technology and its positive influence on society today. Today, play activities that are technology facilitated enhance the abilities. Previous, children could only use building blocks or play outside in order to enhance these skills. During the winter days when the weather was not conducive, then their motor skills were delayed. However, these days with advanced technology, the elementary children can enjoy year round activities which develop their capabilities. Perhaps one great advantage about technology in elementary classroom is that it can be integrated with the elementary school teaching curriculum thus it ensures that learning is reinforced as well as increase explorative mind. This is a good thing especially in this world today where innovation and creativity is highly valued, and where in future, it will be an indispensable asset. Technology at elementary is today used to teach writing and alphabets, shapes, and sizes, history and science, as well as basic calculations. Previously, before the rise of technology, the teachers used to experience difficulty in ensuring uniformity in students performance. Some children with mild learning disabilities and/or difficulties were left behind in class. However, these days thanks to technology teachers are able to reach the mildly challenged students and assist them in learning just ass much as the others. For example the fast forward computer software helps children with phonematic problems to learn their phonic in a faster and less strenuous way. In these traditional days, dyslexic children and those with other learning difficulties faced great challenges in learning the basics and took a lot of time in kindergarten trying to master the alphabets and words. Educators can now appreciate technology for improved performance in the students. Use of technology increases the morale and curiosity to learn. It is not difficult to feel the energy and positive attitudes towards learning as a result of computer technology in the classroom. (Lee attitudes towards a positive direction. (Marshall & Katz, 2003) Elementary school learners need a motivating factor to encourage the will to learn. Melone Christen in her article the internet in the classroom a valuable tool and resource for ESL/EFL teachers notes that: Students do feel comfortable and are very receptive to any learning activities that involve the computer. Increased motivation leads to increased language use which leads to improved proficiency. In this case, unlike previous years where learning was viewed as a task/work, todays schools that in use computers to aid learning note significant change in attitudes towards learning although technology merely provided a different avenue to learning. John Kosakowski, a writer in Eric Digest group holds that, students who use computers aided programs feel more confident of themselves and their capabilities to grasp abstract n technical concepts. Technology plays a major role in enhancing communication and literacy among children in elementary school. The application of technology in elementary schools and especially computer technology in todays classrooms is widespread (internets, research, email) ((Jerner, 2006). The computers have enhance effectiveness in reading, writing, spelling as well as listening skills in children, which in turn connotes enhanced communication among elementary school children. Borrowing from psychology knowledge in the constructivist model children learn by making meaningful connections from what they see in their environment which in turn triggers exploration and thus higher literacy among elementary school children. (Quinones & Kirshstein, 2000). Computer technology enhances coordination of children five senses i.e. visual, audio and touch. This is an added advantage as compared to the traditional elementary schools where coordination of more of a slow concept to acquire Technology in the future is going to transform learning as an active endeavor where the elementary school children have a more active than passive role in acquiring knowledge and the teachers role as a facilitator of learning. Currently, elementary schools children can enjoy an array of choices on obtain, generate and influence information and presentation. Generally technology in elementary classroom allows for changes in both teachers and learners roles. Elementary classrooms that use technologies are usually in a position to enhance peer coaching winch is essential in building teamwork. This is so because as children interact with technology they are able to help each other. The fast learners help the weaker ones which is a plus in contributing to the learning atmosphere. Generally, the collaborative and cooperative tone in the classroom environment is evident in the way groups look over their shoulders. (Diane Publishing Company, 1995). Exchange ideas and comment regarding each others work and interacting in in-depth discussions about their works. Once this culture has been ingrained in the students then it precedes to subsequent years thus changing the learning environment to be favorable. (Schofield, 1995, Wenner, 1993) No doubt that technology makes difficult tasks accomplishable. This is because its designed to do so. This is the case with computer technology in the elementary classroom, and in the subjects of maths and science. Most adults in the traditional schools can attest that learning some concepts like pision and multiplication was a nightmare. These days technology has come up with software that are user friendly and that simplify abstracts and present it too learners in a very interesting way. This means that elementary learners are able to deal with higher order skills given the support provided by technology. Additionally, technical skills are nurtures at the elementary school level which is an added advantage for example hyper studio software, drafting programs word processor. (O'Neil & Perez, 2003) Conclusion Technology in the elementary classrooms has become a very important feature in transforming the way the attitudes towards learning and teaching approaches. Although some educators may be reluctant to embrace technology at elementary school level for fear of distorting the content and the curriculum soon technology will be an indispensable tool to teaching and learning owing to industrialization. The future is looking to a situation whereby there will be minimal role of the teacher in the learning process as the technology evolves to be more user-friendly, interactive and capable of handling numerous tasks such that self learning will be a reality. References Diane Publishing Company (1995). Teachers & Technology: Making the Connection. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing. Goodman, P. S. (2002). Technology Enhanced Learning: Opportunities for Change. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Book. Jerner, M. D. (2006). Elementary Science Methods: A Constructivist Approach New York: Thomson Wadsworth. Lee, C. A. & Houseal, A. (2003). Self-Efficacy, Standards and Benchmarks as Factors in Teaching Elementary School Science. Journal of Elementary Science Education. 15 (1). Gale Group. Marshall, G. & Katz Y. J. (2003). Learning in School, Home and Community: ICT for Early and Elementary education. New York: Springer Meloni, Christine, The Internet in the Classroom: A Valuable Tool and Resource for ESL/EFL Teachers, ESL Magazine Online, 6-27-02 O'Neil H. F. & Perez R. S. (2003). Technology Applications in Education: A Learning View. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Quinones, S. & Kirshstein, R. (2000). An Educator's Guide to Evaluating the Use of Technology in Schools & Classrooms. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing. Provenzo, E. F., Brett, A. & McCloskey G. N. (2005). Computers, Curriculum, and Cultural Change: An Introduction for Teachers. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Schofield J.W. (1995). Computers and Classroom Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wenner, G. (1993). Relationships between science knowledge levels and beliefs towards science instruction held by preservice elementary teachers. Journal of Science Education and Technology. 2,461-468.

Pakistan-Vietnam Comparison free essay sample

Introduction Vietnam and Pakistan are two different nations displaying a broad spectrum of cultural values that these nations observe in their politics, economics, social and environmental domains. My study gave me an opportunity to learn about cultural comparisons between the two countries on a macro level which involve not only contrasts but incredible similarities and eventually how these 2 different societies have come out in past 50 years merely due to their cultures, behaviours and actions taken.Culture is one of the key Performance Indicator that builds up a country and displays the frame of mind of the respective nation. The Colonial Occupation Cold War Era Pakistan and Vietnam share a similar background of colonial occupation. Pakistan appeared on the map of the world in 1947 after a long struggle against the British Occupation and then as a result of Sub-continent partition. The British had left behind a system which was later embraced by both Pakistan and India especially in the area of politics and education. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan-Vietnam Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As elaborated by (Marilyn. B. Young,2002), Vietnam was once a French Colony from 1861 till 1954. In contrast to Pakistan, The French colonial system had less impact on the Vietnamese society since before the French, Vietnam had been under strong influence of China therefore the Vietnamese culture has deep connections with the Chinese culture. Even during French occupation, China continued to have influences and links in Northern Vietnam. It was not surprising that Vietnam later emerged as a communist state. (Marilyn. B.Young,2002) explains Vietnam War as one of the most prominent cold war that started in 1963 when Ngo Dinh Diem was assassinated in South Vietnam and National Liberation Front (NLF) started to operate in that region. NLF was strongly supported by North Vietnam establishment. This movement sparked the attention of the United States and then began the infamous involvement of the US army that resulted in 2 million Vietnamese causalities. During this phase Vietnam was in complete disorder and civil unrest was observed in the most hideous form. The war left the nation with horrifying memories and shattered economy. Pakistan though has not faced Cold War directly like Vietnam but it had a major impact on its society due to the Afghanistan Cold War which erupted as a result of Russian assault. Millions of Afghan Refugees flocked to Pakistan for shelter along with some undesirable elements that infiltrated which brought drugs and weapons into the country. By the end of Cold War and Taliban taking over Afghanistan, Pakistani nation was left with bigger challenges to face, both political and economic in nature.Most of the Afghan Refugees didn’t leave but they contributed in country’s economy by establishing businesses in the textile transportation industry. In Pakistan around 1. 5 million Afghanis are living adding diversity in Pakistan’s cultural scene. It is very interesting to see how involvement of other nations like stated above can impact a country’s various cultural domains which we will discuss in following topics 1) Politics 2) Economy, and 3) Other Cultural Aspects. Politics One of the elements that Pakistan adopted from British colonial was the ‘Parliamentarian’ system.The system however is extremely mutated where power is concentrated at the Federal level and is centralized. Provisional autonomy is inadequate when it comes to distribution of wealth natural resources with no accountability. The power distance has created an imbalance in the society and among the provinces which has given rise to biased approach by the people to support and elect parties that speak their language and belong to their provinces with a belief that if they elect politicians in the Federal government from their own region, they will get the due attention to the problems in their area.This has given rise to multiple regional political parties. The Politicians exploit the regional associations of the people who are divided based on ethnic background and language. All parties in Pakistan belong to elite families which continue to elect their own family members within the party without consultation with rest of the party members. High Collectivism is observed among the elite and the ruling groups to support common interests. The society shows high individualism by mostly supporting individuals of the political parties based on their regional or language affiliations.In contrast, the society shows high collectivism on religious matters and other national issues like Kashmir whereby society unites for the cause irrespective of race, language or ethnicity. The Political System failed miserably due to frequent intervention of the Military and mainly due to the feudalistic attitudes of the politicians and government. On top of this bureaucracy is working for the welfare of the elite rather than the people of Pakistan. There is a culture to suppress the under-paid subordinate to get work done by fair or unfair means. This has given rise to corruption throughout the Government Institutions.Consultation is a far cry when it comes to making decisions on any level. (Wikipedia, 2009) explains Vietnam’s Governing Model which is centralised but is based on a single-party constitution over 58 provinces. The single party is the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV); clearly the Chinese influence has seeped into the Vietnamese Political structure as well. Non party independent candidates are allowed to contest elections. But CPV holds absolute power, an authoritarian regime (Tuong-Vu, 2009) argues, on state level which controls the workings of parliamentary, executive and judicial domains.The party agenda is established by the Politburo which is a 14 member party policy making committee. The President, Prime Minister and General Secretary are members of the Politburo. In contrast to Pakistan, President holds more power as compared to the Prime Minister. For example, in Pakistan the PM has the power to appoint the Army Chief while in Vietnam this decision lies with the President, the Pakistan National Assembly consist of members from multiple parties while majority in Vietnam National Assembly members belong to the CPV etc.In another contrast, there is no visibility of actual opposition party in the Vietnam which has curbed accountability of the ruling party government officials augmenting corruption. High Collectivism of the CPV is seen in running the country’s political, judicial and economic streams. Same is observed in Pakistan’s government framework. A great positive advancement and signs of individualism for Pakistan in past few years is the independent media and up-rise of the civil society for an independent Judiciary. The media is getting stronger and freedom of speech is on the rise.

ES 105 Essay Example

ES 105 Essay Example ES 105 Paper ES 105 Paper The radioactive fuel of earth is U, Th, K The early Earths atmosphere was mostly made of CO2, water, and hydrogen sulfide. Relative to the age of the earth, the fraction of time that humans have existed is 0.04% Early heating of the earth:1. formed the core and mantle2. metled iron and some nickel3. led to the formation of the magnetic field4. occurred soon after planetary formation5. (ALL OF THE ABOVE) all of the above Early life on earth:1. began in the oceans2. dates back to at least 3.8 billion years3. was one-celled bacteria and algae4. thrived near sea floor plate boundaries 5. (ALL OF THE ABOVE) 5. (ALL OF THE ABOVE) Humans on Earth1. as genus homo date back to 2.5 million years, species homo sapien 40,000 years2. did not have a population of about 1 billion until the year 18303. emerged during the Ice Age4. settled the Americas during the last 15,0005. all of the above 5. (ALL OF THE ABOVE) The current human population is over 7 billion Earths early atmosphere was derived from volcanoes The core of the earth is principally composed of iron + nickel The convecting zone of a partial melt in the mantle is termed the aesthenosphere The oldest life forms on planet earth include (name one) algae (2.2 b.y ago) The oldest rocks within the continents date back to ___ billion years 4 billion Island arcs result from convergence of two ocean plates? T/F True subduction zone earthquakes range in depth from shallow at the trench to several hundred kilometers beneath the overriding plate T/F True Ocean crust is oldest at the ocean ridges and becomes progressively younger the distance from the ridge T/F False The longest mountain range of the earth is mostly underwater T/F True Transform faults connect ends of offset ocean ridges True The present site of the Ural mountains represents the demise of a long lost ocean True A _______ plate boundary is one marked by volcanism, compressional deformation and an inclined zone of earthquakes convergent A ________ plate boundary is one marked by volcanoism, extension and shallow earthquakes divergent The Mediterranean is a remnant of the _____sea Tethys Ocean Volcanic islands above subduction zones have arcuate trends because the earth is ____________ round Continents and island arcs grow in size at zones of subduction by the dual process of ________ and accretion volcanoism the wedge of sediments accumulating off shore of a rifted continental margin is known as a geoclines The author of the Continental drift was also shot twice in WWI set an air balloon record in 1906, wrote the book the origin of the continents and oceans in 1915 and later died in 1930 expedition in greenland where his remains continue to be buried in ice. He was _____ Alfred Wegner Most of the Earths seafloor has been recycled back into the mantle T/F True The greater the distance to an earthquake epicenter, the longer time between primary and secondary waves True The San Andreas Fault is a boundary between the North American and Pacific plates, the latter presently moving northward toward the Aleutian Trench T/F True The Appalachian Mountains1. Represent the remnants of a himalayan-type mountain chain2. formed from there stages of island arc and continental collision3. were rifted, the components of which occur on both sides of the atlantic ocean4. once stretched from the baltic regions of northern Europe to west Texas 5. ALL OF THE ABOVE 5. ALL OF THE ABOVE Continental collision results in 1. a double thickness of continental crust2. the formation of unusually high mountains within the interior of a continent3. the end of subduction4. a fault suture marked by fault-bounded slabs of serpentinite 5. ALL OF THE ABOVE 5. ALL OF THE ABOVE The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale is used to access probable damage over the region impacted by an earthquake T/F True The youngest ocean crust can be found at (MOR) The youngest oceanic crust is at the bottom of the ridge which is formed by two diverging oceanic plates. When oceanic plates diverge, or move away from one another, magma fills the space they create forming a new layer of crust. The alps formed from collision of europe with Africa Seismologists have abandoned Richter magnitudes in favor of ____ magnitudes moment magnitudes ___-waves travel the fastest and are the first to be felt during an earthquake P waves The intense ground shaking on water-saturated ground is termed liquefaction Heating the inner portions of earth resulted from the FISSION of the hydrogen atoms T/F True Planet earth had very little atmosphere at the time of its formationT/F True A rock sample from saturn, if brought back to earth, would be much heavier than any common earth rock False lighter The universe is expanding today True Edwin Hubble confirmed what theory? theory of expanding universe Mars has an atmosphere at 0.7% of that of earth and is mostly _____ CO2 Venus has an atmosphere at 90x that of the earth and is mostly ________ CO2 Galaxies have a reddish color due to the doppler effect The origin of the universe is called the big bang The universe was formed ___ years ago 13.7 billion Fuel of stars including our sun is hydrogen What is the Cambrien era and when did it begin? The beginning of life (3.8 billion years) Earth is _____ yrs old 4.6 billion Earths moon died____ years ago 4 billion Water came from commets Air came from volcanoes Oldest rock is _____ y.o. from the ___ period and can be found in _______ 4 billion, archean, Grand Canyon Heating of the inner portions of the earth resulted from the fusion of hydrogen atoms T/F False it results from radioactivity Who confirmed the expansion of the universe? Edwin Hubble meteorites brought_____ to earth metal The K-T extinction was1. caused by asteroids2. not the biggest one3. led to the age of reptiles4. led to the beginning of mammales5. occurred 66 million6. all of the above ALL OF THE ABOVE Humans on Earth:1. genus date back to 2.5 million years2. homo sapien 40, 000 years3. did not have a population about 1 billion union 1830s4. emerged during the ice age5. settled in the americans during the last 15,000 years6. All of the above All of the above Island arcs result from the convergence of two ocean platesT/F True Subduction zone earthquakes range in depth from shallow at the trench to several hundred kilometers beneath the overriding plate T/F True Transform faults connect ends of offset ocean ridges True Rifting of Gondwanaland resulted in the formation of Laurasia and Pangea : T/F False other way around What is a fault? A fault is a crack in the earths crust resulting from moving plates Rift valley The separation of divergent plates on a continent Convergent boundary is a boundary where two separate plates are pushing into each other A volcanic hot mudflow is known as a (an) _____. lahar Island arcs result from convergence of two oceanic plates T/F True Volcanic activity of the Cascade Mountain Range of the Pacific Northwest results from continental collision T/F False A ropey type of basalt lava is termed pahoehoe Heating of the inner portions of the Earth result from fusion of Hydrogen atoms. T/F False The port town of St. Pierre, on the Caribbean island of Martinique, was destroyed by nuee ardente. T/F True Mauna Loa of Hawaii is an example of a shield volcano Hot spot volcanoes originate from the core/mantle boundary Large igneous intrusions are known as batholiths mid ocean tracks such as that of hawaii and the emperor seamount chainindicate that indicate plate mption opposite to the direction of younging of the volcanic islands and seamounts. ** A ___ is a thin, cross-cutting intrusion. dike A ___ is a thin intrusion that runs parallel or concordant to layers. sill ___ texture results from slow cooling deep in the Earth. Phaneritic ___ are frozen bubbles in a volcanic rock. vesiceles Basalts are the most fluid (least viscous) of lava flows because of their high Temperature and low Silica content. Both the Red Sea and the Gulf of California are the recent result of rifting and seafloor spreading. T/F True ___ ___ is a type of mass wasting that involves the gradual and slow downhill movement of soil. soil creep The widening of joints by expanding ice is known as frost wedging The irregular surface at the toe of a slide is termed hummocky ground. Seven indications of previous or probably landslide activity include steep slopes, soft rocks, water, loss of vegetation, dip slope conditions, prior history, or fracturing. The ___ Cycle involves the weathering of igneous rocks into sediment, forming sedimentary rocks, which with heat and pressure become metamorphic rocks, to then be melted back into igneous rocks. Rock Rhyolite is the least fluid (most viscous) form of lava because of its low Temperature and high Silica content The San Andreas Fault is a boundary between the North American and Pacific plates, the latter presently moving northward toward the Aleutian trench. T/F True The convecting zone of partial melt in the mantle is termed the asthenosphere Soil creep causes bent trees Rock debris at the bottom of a rock form is known as talus. T/F True Ocean crust melts during subduction, forming andesite magma, the dominant volcanic rock of island arcs.T/F True From high to low temp, the minerals in Bowens Reaction Series are: olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite The widening of joints by expanding ice is known as Frost Wedging Mt. St. Helens is an example of composite (strato) volcano Mass wasting that involves the downward slump of a rock unit or coherent rock material along a curved surface is slump A blocky type of basalt lava is termed aa Ocean crust melts during subduction, forming andesite magma, the dominant volcanic rock of island arcs. true A ____ volcano is primarily composed of air fall and pyroclastic basaltic material. cinder cone Japan Type of Volcano is: Convergent in sea, has a volcanic arc and is deep-sea trench Transform faults connect ends of offset ocean ridges. T/F True Our Solar Systems great mop-up occurred 4.6 billion yrs ago Continental Shelf is the surface of a ___ ridge Wilson Cycle describes Rifting of ancient lithosphere, sea floor spreading, mid plate process, plate convergence, and THE CREATION OF NEW CRUST AND THE DEEP MANTLE (change in ages of lithosphere) large igneous rocks are known as basalts ____ results from cooling deep in earth phanoritic silica in basalt: high or low? low silica , less viscous 4 stages of rift stages upwelling rifting subduction collision Andesitic and rhyolitic eruptions tend to be explosive because of their gas content and high viscosity. T/F true The wedge of sediments accumulating off shore of a rifted continental margin is known as a geocline Heating of the inner portions of the Earth result from fusion of Hydrogen atoms. False Mauna Loa of Hawaii is an example of a Shield Volcano Fuel of Stars =Fuel of Planets + moons = hydrogenradioactive energy Volcanic explosions yield ___ texture. pyroclastic Mass wasting is not a natural form of erosion and is generally induced by the influence of humans. T/F False Valley widening primarily occurs by mass wasting subsequent to erosion by running water. T/F True Magmas rise because they have low density Universe is expanding solar system is not True Mass movement of unconsolidated fluid mixtures of rock, dirt, sand, and water is a flow The irregular surface at the toe of a slide is termed hummocky ground Basalt forms from the melting of mantle periodite Rhyolite is the least fluid (most viscous) form of lava because of its low temperature and high silica content The fluid motion of the outer core is the cause of the Earths magnetic field. T/F True As early as 1911, Alfred Wegener presented ideas about seafloor spreading. T/F True The convecting zone of partial melt in the mantle is termed aesthenosphere The difference in magnitude between earthquakes with Richter and/or moment magnitudes 2 and 5 is 1,000 Subduction zones:have the most earthquakeshave the deepest earthquakeshave the most violent volcanoesdescend to the core-mantle boundaryall of the above all of the above Early Heating of the Earth:Formed the core and mantleMelted iron and some nickelLet to the formation of the magnetic fieldOccurred soon after planetary formationAll of the above All of the above Continental collision results in:A double thickness of continental crustThe formation of unusually high mountains within the interior of a continentThe end of subductionA fault suture marked by fault-bounded slabs of serpentiniteAll of the above all of the above Plinan Eruption (2 volcanoes that do them and what it looks like) st. helenes and mt vesuvius , its a gas and pyroclastic explosion that goes high into the atmosphere a broad volcano made up sole of basalt lava flows is a ___ volcano shield What are the phanoretic equivalent of basalt andesite and rhyolite respectively gabbro, diorite, granite What is the pacific ring of fire? the aleutions Nuee Ardente is the same thing as Pyroclastic Flow (Monserrat 1996) neer ardent/pyroclastic lava does what? glows Wilson cycle? (in 3 points) rift submurge collision when you see the himalayasians topography map with red outline that means? continental collision what two places can you find cinder cone volcanos hawaii and maui a shield volcano has fluid magma flows that travel further than start volcanoes T/F True what two plate movements have shallow earthquakes? divergent and shallow pt. Fermin has block slumps T/F true Hot pot volcanoes can be found in iceland and hawaii what rocks are particular to ocean/ocean convergence? andesite/diorite what rocks are particular to ocean/plate convergence? basalt/gabro what rocks are particular to divergent plates? andesite/dioriteand rhyolite/granite what are two type of subduction zones with immense volcanoes? japan-type and andean-type Plinean vertical blast often to very high altitudes in the atmosphere, ash fall, tuffs Pelean pyroclastic flows (nuee ardente), ash flow, welded tuffs just know

Differentiate between the humanities and other modes of human and Essay

Differentiate between the humanities and other modes of human and expression - Essay Example The paper will focus on defining the term humanities, distinguish it from the modes of human inquiry and expression and explain the way Art, Music, Architecture, Philosophy, and Literature are reflecting the current development in politics, socioeconomics and technology. Science is entirely separated and segregated into two classes, which include Social science and natural science, but humanities are separate from present day science since it associates with non-scientific approaches in human mode of inquiry (Lyn, 1997). Therefore, humanities are not focused on establishing validated theories and scientific laws; instead, humanities focus on interpretation of the historic and cultural context of art. It also explores the analysis of written text and validation through a comparison with other sources, which relate to presented material from other disciplines such as philosophy, history and sociology. On the other hand, Art, Music, Architecture, Philosophy and Literature have depicted the contemporary development in politics, socioeconomics and technology, for instance, Art has been applied in the process of expressing the social and economic factors. In fact, an exemplary example, relates to a famous artist, Donatello, who made humanistic expressions during the Medieval Times and his sculptures were admired, since he produced marble, bronze and wood. His work was in Gothic style, and this evolved into naturalism, which is known from the classical antiquity. In relation to this, the artists in the present day are using paintings and sculptures to display expressions of human enquiry, in fact, there are different kinds of art that are being enjoyed by people in different museums in the worldwide. Music has been used for worshiping, as a technique of worshiping in religion, and as a way of sending messages. In fact, during the slavery period, the lyrics of slave songs were used to express the need for freedom, and relaying messages to the other slaves. For example, slaves would use music to plan an escape, whereby the hymns offered substantial information like the meeting venue and departure time. Technology has been reflected through Architecture, where there are modern designs being developed through technology. For example, the architects are now using software such as Auto card to make designs. On the other hand, technology is enabling the exploration of arts into distinct past, through deployment of various pieces of art galleries, hence inhabiting them on the web pages; thus, art is being incorporated in art studio around the world, hence offering competition to the museums. Music also has also been integrated with technology leading to a decrease in the use of traditional instruments like trombone, flute and an organ, which were used for composing. In fact, the artists and producers are experiencing challenges of privacy since music can now be easily downloaded without charges from the internet. Literature has also depicted an element of philosophy, whereby different books has been written by various authors aiming to extend knowledge regarding a theory, and his has become vital sources of knowledge. For example, different scholars in the present world are use literature to review ideas from different books in order to provide evidence to support their notions. On the other hand, literature has been integrated w

Teachers Education in Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Teachers Education in Pakistan - Essay Example Politics between staff members is a major concern; the social background of teachers is not taken into consideration since in a city like Karachi, the population is made of people from varying social backgrounds Time and again, the article refers to its concept framework and the advantages of its implementation, but it fails to go into further depths of the matter. In a progressive countr...y like Pakistan, there are more complex situations at the core of an educational system. Tensions in Teacher Training for School Effectiveness: The Case of PakistanLynn Davies &ZafarIqbal (July 1997) School Effective Research (SER) has emerged from virtual total obscurity to a now central position in the educational discourse that is taking place within countries (Teddies and Reynolds, 2000). In the light of this discourse, the article considered whether efficiency of schools is implicated by the influence of teacher training. Pakistan’s case study is exceptional since it continues teacher training, while increasing the autonomy of institutions. However, the inclusion may create strain and conflict to the research. The research is based on questionnaires answered by pre-service and in-service students and their tutors in a co-educational teacher training college. However, it shows that there were irregularities in the findings. The answers filled by the tutors did not match with those of the students. The problems highlighted were specific to the ones faced by the trainee in order to establish the relationship between the inefficiency of teachers’ training, and the mediocre performance of the trainee at work. It purposes to explain how teachers themselves are not 'autonomous learners' or 'reflective practitioners', and this particular attitude will trickle down to their students. Therefore, there is little or none evaluation of the current educational system and few propose to change it. The point that one particular case of training college cannot generalize t he effectiveness in other parts of Pakistan is good evaluation. If we understood how those effective teachers teach, and how they came to learn to

The models of responsibility practice Essay Example for Free

The models of responsibility practice Essay 1. Explain the models of practice that underpin equality, diversity and inclusion in own area of responsibility. There are two models that link with equality, diversity and inclusion, the first one is the social model of disability which views discrimination and prejudice as being embedded in today’s society, their attitude’s and their surrounding environment. The social model focuses on who the adult is as person not what their disability or diagnosis is, the focus is on how to improve and empower the individual’s life and lead a more independent life as possible. The second model is the medical model of disability which views adults has having an impairment or lacking in some way, this model focuses on impairments that the adult has and finding and acknowledging ways to correct them. The client group at my current place of work are elderly adults. Both the social and medical model has an impact on their daily life. The company ethos is to encourage the people we care for to remain independent and enable them to lead a normal life as possible. This is done by providing and engaging them in their own individualised care plans and asking their opinions on what they like how they like it etc. allowing them to make informed choices for them self and whether they have the capacity to make these decisions. My role as a Manager is to ensure that any anti- discriminatory practice is promoted as a key value within our organisation and to raise the staff awareness about equality diversity, and inclusion. To encourage conversations and debate and devising ways that empower rather than to disable. 2. Analyse the potential effects of barriers to equality and inclusion. Barriers to inclusion and equality include; * Race * Age * Gender * Disability * Sexual Orientation * Religion or Belief. The barriers that can and will affect Equality and inclusion are Physical and environmental barriers such as poor access to buildings and community settings, making it difficult for us to help them achieve inclusion within the community. Communication barriers, different languages, slang talk, which is why each carer needs to be matched to each customer to help with the barriers. Inclusion barriers also include financial and the size of the care package not giving the carer and the customer enough time for them to be in the community with support. However this is not an excuse for not doing anything and not meeting the customer’s needs the expectations is that as many modifications are to be made as possible to lift the constraints around support. 3. The impact of legislation and policy initiatives on the promotion of equality, diversity and inclusion in own area of responsibility. The promotion of equality, diversity and inclusion has been supported by a number of legislative changes to ensure that provider’s comply with any anti-discrimination practices. The list below reflects the most relevant legislation; * Articles 1, 2 and 14 of the Human Rights Act (1995) * Sex discrimination Act (1975) * Equal Pay Act (1970) * Race Relations Act (1976) * Disability Discrimination Act (1995) * Disability Rights Commission Act (1999) * Race relations (2000) * Employment Equality (Religion or belief) Regulations (2003) *Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations (2003) * Disability Discrimination Act (2005) * Equality Act (2006) In addition to the major anti-discrimination Acts, there are clauses within other acts which focus on anti-discrimination requirements for example; * The Children’s Act 1989 which requires authorities to take special account of children’s disabilities and the support needed to enable them to live as near normal lives as possible. * Guidance in the form ‘No Secrets’ (DOH, 2000) which sets out adult protection policies and recognises adult discrimination as abuse. * The document ‘Working together to safeguard children’ (Department of education 2010) which requires all practitioners to guard against myths and stereotypes. 4. Systems and processes to promote equality and inclusion or reinforce discrimination and exclusion , and, the effectiveness in promoting equality, diversity and inclusion in the area of responsibility. Health and safety policies We have clear policies in place on health and safety, with regular risk Assessments and ergonomic checks to promote staff health and wellbeing All risk assessments routinely organised, for example for pregnant women Or staff working in particular areas of risk. Make sure that our policies do not have an impact on the religion or belief of staff: for example; Wearing religious dress or articles of faith, Performance management procedures We have clearly set out procedures on performance management that take Individual needs and cultural differences into account, and are objective and Transparent to all employees. Pay and reward policies All our policies on pay and reward clearly are organised, based on objective criteria and easily understood by employees. We have clear guidance on  starting salaries, Bonuses and performance-related pay. We will be undertaking an equal pay audit to make sure you we don’t have pay gaps by gender, disability or ethnic group. Recruitment and promotion procedures Our procedures for recruitment and promotion are transparent and equally Accessible to all applicants. Our job descriptions focus on objective criteria That are solely related to the job in question, so the procedures we use will not impact negatively on particular groups. Policies on training and development We have regular training in place on equality and human rights. We have procedures To ensure that all employees have access to development and work-related training, and these procedures take into account the particular needs of some groups of employees. Service provision and customer equality policies As a service provider, we have a strategy in place to make sure that all customers are treated equally and fairly, and that needs of customers from diverse backgrounds are recognised and met Our staff at all levels engaged in creating a human rights culture in the provision of services. Informal or unwritten working practices Examining informal working culture can be difficult to do, but the aim is to find out If there are gaps between what is written in our policies and everyday working practices within the organisation. Some areas to think about include: Staff attitudes and behaviour We make sure there an open and understanding working culture where everyone is treated with dignity and respect. All staffs are aware of the importance of equality, human rights and inclusion, and aware of the antidiscrimination policies in place and the procedures on acceptable behaviour. Another point to consider is employee willingness and confidence to disclose personal information: To look at self declaration rates like on sensitive issues such as sexual orientation or religion and belief. We have flexible working hours, time off for dependents or access to religious facilities and requirements, We have to be sure that the working culture in our organisation is supportive of the staff and that they are made aware of what is available. Working patterns and segregation We have staff with diverse backgrounds and from different groups working together in teams and divisions, Or it would be likely that there may be divisions within the workforce on the grounds of gender, ethnic background, age, religion or belief language, culture and class. We Have activities in place to bring staff together and to promote inclusion and Understanding, they will planned to take into account the access requirements of different groups, as well as caring responsibilities and cultural differences. Finally, there clear procedures through which staff can communicate with managers and directors. All staff will be consulted on changes to policies and practices that will affect their working lives. They will be actively involved in initiatives around working culture. If this is not the case, it is more likely that our efforts to create inclusive working will not succeed, because employees may feel that measures are being forced upon them without the chance to give their opinions. 4.2 Explain the principles of informed choice. An informed choice means that a person has the information and support to think the choice through and to understand what the reasonably expected consequences may be of making that choice. It is important to remember that too much information can be oppressive and individuals have differing needs in relation to how information is presented to them. As a Professional organisation we must be able to demonstrate that we have taken these individual needs into account. Enabling people to make informed choices does  not mean the local authority or provider organisation should abdicate its responsibility to ensure people have a good quality of life. For example if a person „chooses‟ to stay in bed all day, every day, the local authority or provider organisation has a responsibility to explore what is happening and respond to this appropriately, working to ensure that the individual fully understands the consequences of their decision. It is not acceptable to simply accept such a decision at face value if this would put the individual at significant risk, as acts of omission can be considered to be abusive. There are at least four elements necessary for decision making; * Understanding the value of respect for persons and their differences. * The ability to be self-governing and being able to determine one’s own personal goals, desires and preferences. * The capacity or confidence to make choices or decisions based on deliberation and reason. * The freedom to make choices for one’s self then to act on these. 4.3 Explain how issues of individual capacity may affect informed choice. In relation to risk, as with any other decision making, if the person has capacity and has been supported to consider the potential consequences, both positive and negative, arising from the proposed decision and has decided to take the risk, then that is their informed decision. Where an individual’s informed choice may put them at risk of abuse or neglect by another person or persons, this should be discussed with them, and these discussions must be clearly recorded. If there is a failure to reach an agreed course of action which both parties are happy with, then it may be necessary for actions to be taken under the Safeguarding Adults Procedures. If the person lacks capacity, and a decision has put her / him at risk of abuse or neglect from a particular person or persons then a referral should be made for action to be taken under the Safeguarding Adults Procedures. CAPACITY ISSUES Where capacity is in question, refer IN ALL CASES to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice, which states: 1. Every adult has the right to make their own decisions if they have the capacity to do so. You must assume that a person has capacity unless it can be established otherwise. 2. Individuals should receive support to help them make their own decisions and all possible steps should be taken to try to help him / her to reach a decision themselves. 3. Individuals have the right to make decisions that others might think are unwise. Making an â€Å"unwise† decision does not mean that a person lacks capacity. 4. A person’s capacity must not be judged simply on the basis of their age, appearance, condition or an aspect of their behaviour. 5. It is important to take all possible steps to try to help people make a Decision for themselves  6. Any act or decision should be the least restrictive in relation to its purpose. If there are concerns that an individual may lack the mental capacity to make A decision, a competent person may complete an assessment of capacity. For most day-to-day decisions, it will be the person caring for them at the time a decision must be made. For example, a care worker might need to assess if the person can agree to being bathed. Then a district nurse might assess if the person can consent to have a dressing changed. We are supporting individuals to have more choice and control in their lives through positive approaches to managing risk, things are likely to go wrong from time to time. If this happens and the risk taken results in a negative outcome for the individual, the strategy below would help prevent such incidents 1. Act reasonably. 2. Act in an informed way, reflecting my experience. 3. Act responsibly in relation to my duty of care and avoid being negligent. 4. To assess and take steps to manage and minimise the foreseeable risks 5. Involve the person in the process and support them to make informed decisions. 6. Involve and liaise with other people whom it would be reasonable to involve in the process. 7. Follow organisational policy,  procedures and guidance. This does not mean that there has to be a formal risk assessment document In place if this is deemed unnecessary, rather that the process of assessing The risk will be clearly documented and is reasonable. 8. To make it clear that professionals and organisations have acted reasonably and responsibly in partnership with the person, those who know and care about them and others involved in their support. References 1. https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-people-make-informed-choices-about-health-and-social-care. 2. Baxter, K., Glendinning, C. and Clarke, S. (2008) Making informed choices in social care: the importance of accessible information, Health and Social Care in the Community, 16, 2, 197-207. 3. Department of Health (2005) Independence, Well-being and Choice: Our Vision for the Future of Social Care for Adults in England. Department of Health, London. 4. Ovretveit J. (1996) Informed choice? Health service quality and outcome information for patients. Health Policy 37, 75-90. 5. https://www.in-control.org.uk.

Representation of Client in Contract Law Case

Representation of Client in Contract Law Case THE INTRODUCTION Abstract from the question given, on the purpose to advice on Arnold, it is vital and crucial to find out whether or not a contract has been formed between the parties involved so the locus standi[1] of Arnold can be tracked. Hence, with the establishment of locus standi, Arnold may then can take action on issues he has encountered to the parties. It is simply indicating that, there must be a mutual agreement which is legally enforceable between parties involved. In another word, there must be an existence of consensus ad idem.[2] Whereby Lord Wilberforce a say on this issue in The Eurymedon as below:- [3] English law, having committed itself to a rather technical and schematic doctrine of contract, in application takes a practical approach, often at the cost of forcing the facts to fit uneasily into the marked slots of offer, acceptance, and consideration In summary, In order to claim remedies, a valid contract shall consist of offer, acceptance, and consideration whereby this ensu res and that gives locus standi to the claimant to carry out contractual action towards the defendant. The issue in this question would be seeking for an evaluation on whether the statement made is a term or representation. If it is a term, it may lead to breach of contract ; whereas, if it is representation, it is imperative to seek for remedies available for the claimant. Establish the Contractual Relationship with the claimant Therefore, it can be denoted that the claimant, Arnold must have prove his contractual relationship with the first defendant, William to uphold his claim on his misfortune incident since he considers the deal given by William a bad one. It is then submitted that, William can be categorised as an offeree whereby his enquiries is just merely an invitation to treat since he is just plainly making a request due to his needs. An invitation to treat, as per Treitel : When parties negotiate with a view to making a contract, many preliminary communication may pass between them before a definite offer is made[4] Based on the fact given, Arnold is indeed on the look out for a house in the newly built Kenwood Park and sought for Williams consultation who is a house broker. As a result, it is submitted that Arnold is making an Invitation to treat in lieu of an offer like what has been illustrated in the case of Gibson [5]. Whereas, on another hand, in the light of Storer v Manchester,[6] in acc ordance to offer as defined by Professor Treitel, William has expressly show his willingness by giving Arnold particulars of that house. [7] On the surface, contractual relationship thereby established. Determining the statement made is a term or representation Thus, It would be imperative to then applying Fletche LJs guideline as laid down in Heilbut Symons v Buckleton to find out possible contractual action.[8] It was held that a vague statement would amount to representation instead of a term. Whereby in Dimmock v Hallet that described the land as fertile and improvable is constitute to a representation. [9] Likewise, in this scenario, statement made by William that a hypermarket will be opened in about 3 months is said to be a representation. In a nutshell, the core issue in this scenario would be whether William as an representor has misrepresented the facts to Arnold, the representee which by any chance may give rise to liabilities and Arnold shall be advised on the ground of the probabilities for being granted for possible remedies. The onus to prove the offeror has misrepresented the facts It is advised that, in order to determine whether one has been misrepresented to the claimant, there are elements to prove an actionable misrepresentation. The representation made by the representor must be unambiguous false statement of fact which is addressed to the party misled and which includes that party to enter into a contract.[10] This also signifying that, there must be a false statement of existing fact or law, and it is addressed to the party misled which has materially induces the party to embark into a legally binding agreement. As such, if the statement made is held to be a mere puff, a party will not be blamed under contractual liabilities. Notwithstanding with that, If all the elements have been satisfied, misrepresentation then has successfully raised at the first glance and remedies is likely to be granted. Elements to be proved on each statement made Essentially, in order for a misrepresentation to be stand in this circumstance, the statement made must not be an opinion or mere puff. The defendant will therefore argue the statement made is merely an opinion; hence, the claim towards him will not be succeeded as laid down in Bisset v Wikinson.[11] Nevertheless, contrary with the mentioned point, In Smith v Land Home Property Co. Ltd ,[12] It can be rebutted that the statement is however an existing fact as per Bowen LJ :[13] The one who knows the fact best involves very often a statement of a material fact It is nonetheless may be argued that, Arnold should have check the facts instead of relying on it; hence, it is not at fault of the defendant. On another hand, William as the house broker should have better knowledge than any ordinary person as he possesses a special skill as held in Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd v Mardon.[14] In addition, as Lord Evershead MR has uttered in Brown v Raphael[15] , where such a person were in a better position than the other party to check the facts to back up his opinion, but did not do so, such person will be liable for misrepresentation.[16] From the fact, William has described the Kenwood Park as Gated and Guarded and it was the most desirable property within the vicinity that turned out to be untrue. William as a house broker hold a better position than Arnold to ensure his opinion is true. Furthermore, he should have known the fact that Heavenly Homes is more popular since it is a well-known fact as compared to the Kenwood Park. Besides, it is of common knowledge that, guards must be employed by the residence but not the developers. William is therefore made a statement of fact and by possessing a special knowledge failed to check even he is in better position to do so. It can be said prima facie that he has misrepresented a statement of fact. In contrast, William may also raise an argument that, in general, a statement of a future intention will not constitute as a stateme nt of fact therefore it is of no effect for him to be liable under misrepresentation on the grounds of Lord Wilberforce in British Airways Board v Taylors.[17] It would not be just and fair as it is impossible for one to foresee the future and it is unpredictable and that binds the claimant. Indeed, William has mentioned that a hypermarket will be opened in about 3 months within Kenwood Park which amount to a statement as to the future. However, William cannot walk away based on that ground as Arnold may argue that a statement as to the future, can implicitly contain a statement of fact. In the light of Spice Girls Ltd v Aprilia World Service BV , It is illustrated that if the maker of the statement did not genuinely hold the intention or belief at the time of making it, he will misrepresenting the fact.[18] As grasped from the fact, it is opined that William did not hold the intention indisputably by the time making the statement but he was said it with full faith by stating a spec ific timeframe that a Hypermarket will be opened in 3 months within Kenwood Park,. Hence, it is argued that the statement given are not merely an intention since at the time of contract, he believes himself is making an existing fact which at a higher possibility that the hypermarket will be built and well-established within 3 months. As held in Edgington v Fitzmaurice, the statement made by William howsoever it may be controversial to be an intentional statement; it still amounts to a statement of fact.[19] Even so, William may still argue that, in his understanding, he does not know that the Kenwood Park will not be Gated and Guarded in which is a half true statement, therefore, it can be argued that part he has misstate was silent apart. Action shall not be taken towards him as he says nothing about that since it was held in Fletcher v Krell that silence or non-disclosure of fact does not give rise to liability.[20] Hence, William may not be liable under misrepresentation at this juncture. Notwithstanding with the above issue, Arnold can demolish that argument by claiming there is a set of exceptional rules whereby a half-true statement is deemed to be a misrepresentation as laid down in Nottingham Patent Brick Tile Co. v Butler.[21] Moreover, it is submitted that, there is a fiduciary relationship between both of them in which it is held that the party has the duty to disclose all the necessary fact to ensure a fair transaction under the light of Tate v Williamson.[22] By juxtaposing the law and the fact, it is a crucial factor for William to ensure all the necessary facts has been told since it might affect the transaction. As a result, silence in this scenario does give rise to liability at the first glance. In accordance to the ratio of With v O Flanagan, it can also be argued that, whenever there is any occurrence of changes in the circumstances, the party should have check so the existing fact would not be false and misled the party.[23] On the fact, the plan for the hypermarket has been scrapped by the developers to make way for a man-made lake. Based on that, William was in fact, did not check and inform any changes to Arnold before signing the agreement. Also, another vital issue would be to prove whether or not has the statement of fact made by the representor has materially induced the represetee enter into the contract. As per Jessel MR has expressed in Mathias v Yetts: [24] if a man has a material misstatement made to him which way, form its nature, induce him to enter into the contract, it is an inference that he is induced to enter into contract by it. You need not prove it affirmatively. On the fact, The inducement has shown when Arnold actually became interested and gave 10% of the price of the house to William as a down payment after he listened to Williams statements where he described the property is gated and guarded, there will be a hypermarket opening in within 3 months and illustrated it as the most desirable property in the vicinity that is not wholly true. Attwood v Small.[25] Apart from that, William may, at this stage, argue that the statement made must be done directly by the representor to the representee in which the house owner is John whereas he is just merely an innocent third party. Hence, action could not be taken towards William. However, on the grounds of Conlon v Simms whereby it says, the statement made can also be done through an authorised agent.[26] Based on this sense, William as a house broker has acted on behalf of John to deal with William and the statement made by him has indeed misled Arnold to embark into a bad deal. Nonetheless, According to Smith v Chadwick, it is submitted that if the representee knows it is a representation statement, then, it shall not be taken action on misrepresentation.[27] However, it is argued that Arnold does not aware of the statements since he intends to discontinue with the agreement. Afterhe knows the facts told is not true. Henc e, it is prima facie that , in the light of Horsfall v Thomas, the claimant, Arnold can now take action towards William under misrepresentation as all the elements has been satisfied.[28] The next caveat would be to determine which type of misrepresentation can the claimant claim under and the possibility of Arnold to rescind the contract. Type of Misrepresentation It may be submitted that Arnold can claim for his rescission subject to the bars to rescission as he wishes to discontinue with the purchase. It is advised that, Arnold may seek for remedies under Fraudulent Misrepresentation or Negligent Misrepresentation which both has got different components to be proved and the burden of proof lies on the representee. First and foremost, in order to claim under Fraudulent Misrepresentation which is governed under the tort of deceit, it must be proven that the statement made knowingly, without belief in its truth, reckless whether it will be true or false as stated under Derry v Peek.[29] However, in this case, Fraudulent may not be successfully stand as William do not make the statement knowingly as the actual fact is, the plan for the hypermarket has been changed unbeknown to all parties by the developer. Therefore, the claim would unlikely to be successful under Fraudulent Misrepresentation as the standard of proof is rather high. The alternat ive way would be Negligent Misrepresentation under Negligent Misstatement in common law on the grounds of Hedley Bryne v Heller.[30] In order to claim under this type of Misrepresentation, it is needed to prove the existence of special relationship. On the fact, there is special relationship between them are on a dealing of Business. In addition, as laid down in William v Natural Life Health Food, special relationship can be tracked since he possesses special knowledge which in fact he is a house broker.[31] On the fact, it can be argued that, though William maybe believes all the statement made by him to be true, he has the duty to check. On this stage, it may be said that Arnold is at the higher chance to get rescission. William may claim that, there is one possible bar to rescission available which is the lapse of time as described in Leaf v International Galleries On the fact, Arnold has decided to take contractual action only on a week before signing the agreement which the lapse of time argument would not render rescission ineffective. Thus, rescission is still available where he can recover his paid down payment as well if he successfully claims under Negligent Misrepresentation. On another hand, Arnold may also take action against John as he is the owner of the house and do not disclose the defects of the property. On the fact, there have been a few cracks appearing in some parts of the house. However, it is said the representation is made between William and Arnold as a lawful authorised agent. Therefore, misrepresentation could not occur in this scenario. In a nutshell, Arnold as a representee is now at a higher to claim for remedies which are rescission and damages as William has made a false statement of existing fact and that materially induced and misled to Arnold to embark into the contract on the purchase of the property.

Fatal Secret

*Wednesday 15th October It's getting worse. I have no friends. My family hates me. My grades are low and I can't sleep. I don't know why I even bother with school any more. My parents are so busy fighting they don't even know I'm there. I might as well just leave, it will make everyone happy. I have to go. Just pack my bags, and go* It's a Thursday afternoon, the sun is shining, there's a clear blue sky, and everything is close to perfect. Or so it seemed†¦ â€Å"Grace! Gracie! Gracie darling I'm home!† Grace's mother called repeatedly, but no one was home. Though she looked around, Grace's mother found nothing. Absolutely nothing. Except for this piece of paper lying on grace's dresser. Why this piece of paper stuck out so much she didn't know, but nevertheless she picked it up. It was addressed to her. â€Å"Mum, I know I haven't been the best daughter lately, so I think I've done you and dad a favour. I've seen the pair of you fighting, and I can't help but feel it is my fault. So I've decided to get out of your way. I don't know where I'm going, or how long for, but I think you will agree that it's for the best. In case I never see you again, I want you to know one thing. I love you and dad very much, and I owe you everything. You are the best parents a girl could wish for, but I hate seeing you like this. It's for the best, and I know when I come back things will be much better. Promise me you won't forget me. I'm sorry, Gracie xxx† Grace's mother was stunned. She read it over and over, but each time it said the same thing. Grace was gone. Her baby girl had run away, and it was all her fault. Straight away she phoned her husband, who came home immediately. â€Å"Helen, calm down† â€Å"No, we must call the police† â€Å"Look love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Steven, our child has gone!† â€Å"Yes dear, but we can't do anything just now. The police can't do anything for another twenty-four hours. Please, just calm down. Gracie will turn up anytime now. You'll see. She'll come rushing through that door crying, saying how she made a mistake. It will all be alright.† But she didn't. They waited all night, but there was no sign of Grace. Eventually they did call the police, although that didn't make much of a difference. Grace was nowhere to be seen. Helen, Grace's mother, had started to think the worst. â€Å"Steven, what if she's, you know, what if something's happened to her. She could be lying in a ditch right now, calling out for help. Officer, can't you do something!† â€Å"We're trying as hard as we can ma'm, but there's only so much we can do. There's a search party out now, and we've advertised it everywhere. I'm afraid there isn't much else I can do. Sorry.† It was true, not much else could be done, and there didn't seem much hope for Grace's survival. No one knew if she was alive or dead. There was no evidence pointing either way. Not at the time anyway†¦ The street is no place for a young girl, as Grace found out over time. She began to regret ever leaving. She wasn't the only one alone, but everyone else seemed to know how to survive, whereas Grace was struggling to find a meal each day. She would get funny looks when people walked past. Other homeless people scared her, something about them made her feel uneasy. One man, a strange looking man with a long ripped coat and a scar across his face, he scared her the most. He would walk past her; give her funny looks, like he was thinking something. Grace was permanently on the move to try and escape his glare, but somehow he would always find her. She wasn't the only one he scared. There were other girls, young girls, on the street with Grace. She wouldn't understand why, but every now and again, one of these girls would go missing. She'd never see them again. Grace just thought that they'd moved on, or gone home. If only she knew†¦ The search continued for weeks, even months. Every day more and more people seemed certain she had disappeared completely. For everyone knew about it. It was all over every newspaper, on every channel. Not one workplace hadn't discussed it over their tea break. Lots of people joined in the search, everyone wanted her to be okay. When almost every person had given up hope of finding her, something turned up. Some children had gone down to the river one Sunday afternoon for a bit of fishing. One boy had something on the end of his line, but it wasn't a fish. It was something much larger and heavier, for he had trouble pulling it in. It was a body, a naked body. A young girl's naked body. It was Grace. When the police examined the case, it was put down as suicide. They didn't look into it much, everything added up. She was young, lonely, upset, it all seemed to fit. But maybe they should have looked a little deeper, examined it a bit more. Did she kill herself, or was it someone else' s doing. Maybe they needed just that one bit of evidence to prove that it wasn't as simple as it looked. Maybe†¦ * Wednesday 15th November I'm scared. I don't know exactly what's happening. But I know it's to do with him. I've seen him before, he gives me funny looks. I've heard him talking himself; he's not right in the head. Before I heard him asking another girl if he could do stuff to her. Dirty, wrong stuff. It's not right. I just want to go home, I don't want anything to happen to me. I never wanted to die, I just thought I shoouldgive my parents some space. I think I hear him again; he's coming over here. It's the end, I know it is. I just want to go home. I just want to go home. *

Symptom Recital by Dorthy Graves

In this composition I will be comparing and contrasting two poems from our love poem selections. The two poems I will be using are â€Å"Symptom Recital† by Dorothy Parker and â€Å"Symptoms of Love† by Robert Graves. These are two of the poems I found most interesting within our selections, because in both â€Å"Symptom Recital† and â€Å"Symptoms of love† both authors depict the feelings their speakers encounter with love. In these two poems the differences out weight the similarities. The differences in these poems are very noticeable.In â€Å"Symptom recital† Dorothy Parker expresses a woman’s feelings after a bad break up. Parker expresses the anguish and disgust the woman feels about herself, the hatred and the state of mind she is currently in. Parker then uses metaphors’ to express the woman’s thoughts of dismay, such as in line eleven and twelve (I’m disillusioned, empty-breasted/ for what I think I should be arr ested). These lines parker expresses that the woman is thinking horrible thoughts of herself and that these thought could be so terrible that if they were brought to the public she would most definitely be arrested.While in the previous poem we saw that Parker was expressing the ill feelings of a breakup, now in Robert Graves’s poem â€Å"Symptoms of Love† is expressing the feelings and emotions someone endures while going through love. Graves depicts the up and down emotions that love gives. The headaches because of how much the speaker cares for the other. How those headaches turn to Jealousy and nightmares. Graves expresses these in metaphors in line one and four through eight. love is a universal migraine/ Symptoms of true love/ are leanness, jealousy/ laggard dawns;/ are omens and nightmares-/ listening for a knock). In these lines Graves shows the emotions of relationships and how they all tie together in one big ball. The similarities both these poems share is t he fact that both speakers are showing emotions that come with love. Both the emotions the authors show are turmoil, whether it is while currently in the relationship like â€Å"symptom of Love† shows or after the relationship which â€Å"Symptom Recital† expresses.Both of these poems both end in a somewhat happy tune, for example in Symptom recital the whole poem is very upsetting but ends on a positive not that one day the speaker will find love again. While in â€Å"Symptoms of love† the speaker tone is of how hard it is to be in love but in the end wouldn’t do it for anyone other than the person he shares his love with. In conclusion both poems were very strong, emotion filled poems of the hardships and enjoyments of love and a relationship.